Chapter 37 and 38 Notes

1
Chapter 37 and 38 Notes

• Mrs. Marshall

2
Servicemans Readjustment Act

• GI Bill of Rights
• Signed by FDR 1944 to provide educational and
  economic opportunities to returning WWII veterans.

3
Reasons for trouble between U.S. and Soviet Union

• Opposing political and economic systems
• Soviet Union was angry it took US so long to
  recognize their communist government
• US upset that Stalin had signed treaty with
  Hitler prior to WWII

4

• United Nations
• became place where the two
• superpowers competes and tried
• to influence other nations

5

• Potsdam (July 1945) Truman reminded Stalin of his
  promise to allow free elections in Eastern
  Europe.
• Stalin refused to listen/Soviet troops occupied
  Eastern Europe

6
Truman and Stalin disagreed over the future of
Europe

• Truman wanted strong, democratic nations. He
  wanted the US to be able to buy raw materials
  from Eastern Europe and he wanted Eastern
  European markets for American products.

7

• Stalin wanted to spread communism, wanted to
  control Eastern Europe to prevent another
  invasion of Soviet territory, wanted to use
  resources of Germany and Eastern Europe to
  rebuild his war torn nation.

8

• Satellite Nations-countries that depended on and
  were dominated by the Soviet Union
• Containment-policy in which the US tried to block
  Soviet influence by making alliances and
  supporting weaker nations.

9

• Winston Churchill
• British Prime Minister 1940-1945
• 1946-he described an iron curtain coming down
  across Europe. It separated the nations in the
  Soviet sphere from the capitalist democracies
  in the west.

10
Cold War

• brought about because of conflicting aims between
  the US and the Soviet Union.
• A state of hostility but no military action.
  
  
• Late 1940s until 1991 (with break up of the
  Soviet Union)
• Each country tried to spread its political and
  economic influence throughout the world.

11

• USs first test of containment
• when Greece and Turkey needed
• economic and military aid in 1947.

12

• Truman Doctrine-president argued that aid should
  be sent to any nation trying to stop Communists
  from taking over. Congress agreed. Aid was sent
  to Greece and Turkey

13

• George Marshall-US Secretary of State
• Marshall Plan-Wanted to send aid to nations that
  cooperated with American economic goals

14
Why Congress approved the Marshall Plan

• Soviet troops took over Czechoslovakia in 1948.
• Congress saw need for strong, stable governments
  to resist communism.
• Marshall Plan was a great success in rebuilding
• Western Europe and halting the spread of
  communism

15

• Soviets and western world
• disagreed over Germany.
• Soviets wanted to keep it weak
• and divided.
• Western allies thought Europe
• would be more stable if
• Germany was united and
• productive.

16

• GB, France, US joined their
• occupied zones into the nation
• of West Germany. Berlin, the
• capital, was also divided into 4
• occupied zones but Berlin was
• in Soviet controlled East
• Germany.
• The part of Berlin occupied by
• GB, France and US was known as
• West Berlin

17

• Soviets cut off all
• transportation to West Berlin.
• Soviets said they would hold
• city of West Berlin hostage
• until the west gave up idea of
• German reunification.

18
Berlin Airlift

• For 327 days planes brought food
• and supplies to West Berlin.
• Soviets finally gave up the
• blockade.

19
North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• NATO
• April 4, 1949
• Because of worry over Soviet aggression the US,
  Canada and 10 European Nations formed a defensive
  military alliance. They agreed that an attack on
  one was an attack on all.

20
Election of 1948

• Republicans-Thomas Dewey
• Democrats re-nominated Harry Truman. Strong
  civil rights platform led to southerners walking
  out and forming their own party
• Dixiecrats- Strom Thurmond, the Governor of S.C.

21

• Truman won
• Democrats retained majority in
• Congress

22

• Communist and China-WWII
• interrupted Civil War in China.
• Two sides in China joined
• forces to fight Japan.
• Mao Zedong was leader of the communist forces in
  China which was in the north.
• Chiang Kai-shek led the nationalist forces in the
  south

23
 

• Communist and Nationalist fought
• for control of China.
• U.S. supported Nationalist who
• was anti-communist. Truman
• refused to send troops but sent aid
• to help them fight communism.

 
24

• 1949 the nationalist and Chiang Kai-shek had to
  flee to Taiwan (Formosa) an island off the coast
  of China.
• China was now communist.

25
Korean War

• Japan had ruled Korea since 1910.
• End of WWII, Japanese forces in North surrendered
  to the Soviets.
• Forces in South Japan surrendered to Americans

26

• Two nations developed
• North Korea and South Korea
• They were separated by the 38th parallel-an
  imaginary line that divides Korea.
• 1948- South Korea became an independent nation
• North Korea became a communist nation.
• Both claimed the right to rule Korea.

27

• Cause of Korean War
• June 1950 when North Korea
• invaded South Korea

28

• Trumans reaction
• Afraid another Asian nation was
• going to fall to communism-he
• ordered air and naval support for
• South Korea

29

• UN agreed to help South Korea.
• Troops from 16 nations were sent
• to South Korea. Troops were led
• by General Douglas MacArthur

30
Korean War

• North Korea conquered South Korean capital of
  Seoul
• MacArthur launched counterattack-North Korean
  army surrendered
• Oct. 1950 UN told MacArthur to cross 38th
  parallel and reunite Korea
• China opposed UN moving into North Korea

31

• UN ignored threat. Chinese troops entered North
  Korea and drove UN forces back
• January 1951 Communist recaptures Seoul
• Fighting continues for 2 years
• MacArthur wanted to extend war into China. Truman
  against it because the Soviets were allies of
  China afraid it would cause WWIII

32

• MacArthur pushes his plan. Truman removes him for
  insubordination April 11, 1951
  
  
  
• June 1951 a cease-fire went into effect. Both
  sides agreed on a demilitarized zone(area where
  military forces are not allowed)
• July 1953 armistice was signed. Korea was divided
  between communist North Korea and non communist
  South Korea.

33
1952 Election

• Republican-Dwight David Eisenhower
• Democrat- Adlai Stevenson(Illinois Governor)
• Eisenhower won.
• Vice-President was Richard Nixon
• Ended 20 years of Democratic rule

34
2 spy cases which added to fear of communism

• Alger Hiss an official of State Department was
  accused of spying for Soviet Union. Documents
  implicated him. He claimed they were forgeries.
  Hiss was convicted of perjury for lying about the
  documents and went to jail.
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg- executed for
  espionage in 1953. Were convicted of giving
  American atomic
• secrets to the USSR during WWII

35
William Levitt

• Levittown -1st Levittown was on
• New Yorks Long Island. Perfected
• the art of mass-producing houses
• by dividing construction process
• into steps

36
Taft Hartley Act

• 1947
• Passed to check the growing power of labor
  unions. Delivered a major blow to labor by
  outlawing the closed (all union) shops

37
Joseph McCarthy

• Republican senator from Wisconsin who claimed
  communist were taking over the government and
  that the Democrats were responsible for allowing
  the Communist infiltration.
• No evidence was ever produced to support the
  charges.

38

• These unsupported attacks on suspected communist
  became known as McCarthyism.
• He even made accusations against the US Army-he
  lost support when no evidence was produced.

39
African-Americans

• 1950- 15 million African American citizens-2/3 of
  them lived in the South
• Jim Crow laws
• Thurgood Marshall( NAACP chief legal
  counsel-later Supreme Court Justice

40

• Sweatt v Painter-
• Montgomery bus boycott- began with Rosa Parks
• Earl Warren-Chief Justice of the US Supreme
  Court- appointed by Eisenhower
• Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas-May
  1954-ruled segregation in public school was
  unconstitutional

41

• Little Rock,Arkansas-Central High
  School-Eisenhower sent 10,000 National Guardsmen
  and 1,000 paratroopers to control mobs and enable
  blacks to enroll at Central High in the fall of
  1957
• Civil Rights Act of 1957-aimed to ensure that all
  African-Americans could exercise their right to
  vote

42

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
  founded by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1957-aimed
  to mobilize the power of the black churches on
  behalf of rights of blacks.

43
Greensboro Sit-In

• February 1, 1960
• 4 college freshmen demanded service at the
  whites-only lunch counter at Woolworths

44
Interstate Highway Act

• 1956
• 27 billion plan to build 42,000 miles of
  highways

45

• 1949- the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic
  bomb
• 1952 President Truman authorized work on the
  
• hydrogen bomb
• 1953- the Soviets tested their own H-bomb

46

• Twenty Second Amendment
• (1951)
• Limits a president to two terms
• or ten years in office

47

• Arms Race-
• competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
  to see who could make the most nuclear weapons.
• It began because the U.S. and the Soviet Union
  did not trust one another. Many Americans feared
  a nuclear attack. Air-raids and fallout shelters
  became common.

48

• John Foster Dulles
• President Eisenhowers Secretary of State
• Very anti-communist. Said the US must not
  compromise, that we must be prepared to use all
  our weapons against any aggressor.
• This willingness to go to the edge, or brink of
  war was called brinkmanship.

49
Central Intelligence Agency

• President Eisenhower relied on the
• CIA for information about the
• Soviet Union. They used spies to
• gather information abroad. They
• carried out covert actions (secret
• operations) to weaken or
• overthrow governments unfriendly
• to the U.S

50

• Joseph Stalin died in 1953
• At first tensions eased between the superpowers
  (referred to as a thaw in the Cold war)
• Nikita Khrushchev replaced Stalin.

51

• West Germany joined NATO.
• Soviet Union formed a military
• alliance with its satellite
• nations in 1955. This was called
• the Warsaw Pact.

52

• 1956 a crisis developed in the Middle East.
• Suez Canal is in Egypt. It was owned by Britain
  and France (who had built it) Egypt seized
  control of the canal. Egypt was an ally of the
  Soviet Union. War appeared inevitable.

53

• President Eisenhower issued a
• warning known as the
• Eisenhower Doctrine saying the
• US would defend the Middle
• East against communist attack.
• War was prevented when the
• United Nations imposed a
• cease-fire.

54
OPEC

• 1960
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran joined with
  Venezuela to form OPEC

55

• Cold War was fought in the skies through the
  missile race and the space race.
• 1957-Soviets developed the ICBM-intercontinental
  ballistic missile-a rocket that could travel
  farther than American rockets and could carry
  nuclear weapons

56

• October 4, 1957 the Soviets launched Sputnik
  I-the 1st artificial satellite to orbit the
  earth.
• Americans felt inferior to the Soviets in science
  and technology.
• America made changes in education and launched
  its 1st satellite January 31, 1958.

57
What hurt Eisenhowers ability to deal with the
Soviets?

• US had been flying spy missions
• over the Soviet Union
• May 1,1960 a U-2 spy plane was
• shot down
• Occurred just before a scheduled
• meeting (Paris Summit) between
• Eisenhower and Khrushchev.
• Khrushchev criticized the US and
• walked out of the meeting.

58
1960 Election

• Democrat- John F. Kennedy
• Republican-Richard Nixon
• John F. Kennedy was elected with
• Lyndon Johnson as his Vice President

59
Betty Friedan

• 1963 published The Feminine Mystique
• Book which launched the womens movement

60

• STOP HERE FOR TEST
• CHAPTER 39

61

• Kennedys Inaugural Address- ask not what your
  country can do for you-ask what you can do for
  your country
• Kennedys programs were known as The New
  Frontier

62

• In order to stimulate the economy Kennedy
  announced his support for a general tax cut which
  Congress approved.
• 1969-two American astronauts (Edwin Aldrin Neil
  Armstrong) walked on the moon.

63
Vienna Summit

• talks held in 1961 between JFK
• and Khrushchev in which
• Khrushchev insisted the west must
• recognize the sovereignty of East
• Germany and remove all troops
• from West Berlin.

64
Berlin Wall

• August 1961-in order to stop East Germany from
  escaping to West Berlin. Barbed wire fence later
  replaced with a concrete wall 12 feet tall.
• In 1989 the wall came down as a combined result
  of both internal and external pressures.

65

• 23rd Amendment-passed during Eisenhower
  administration-became law in 1961-gave the
  District of Columbia 3 electoral votes in
  presidential elections.

66
Flexible Response

• a policy that could use conventional as well as
  nuclear options to replace Eisenhowers
  brinkmanship and massive retaliation.
• JFK
• Strengthened the regular military
• Created special forces units
• Encouraged European countries to supply more
  troops for NATO

67
Alliance for Progress

• JFKs 10 point program to help undeveloped
  countries of Latin America with a 20 billion
  dollar U.S. commitment.

68
Bay of Pigs

• April 1961
• CIA plan, approved by Eisenhower, to overthrow
  Castro with an invasion force of Cuban exiles who
  had been trained in Guatemala. JFK approved the
  landing of the 1500 man force based on CIAs
  calculation that it would spark an uprising
  against Castro.
• No uprising-1200 captured by Castros forces.
  Later ransomed for food and medical supplies.

69
Cuban Missile Crisis

• Castro asked USSR for defensive weapons. USSR
  gave offensive and defensive weapons. US spotted
  the launching pads in its U-2 over-flights of
  Cuba.
• JFK called for their withdrawal and ordered a
  quarantine around Cuba to keep Russian ships from
  bringing the missiles to the sites,
• Khrushchev agreed to have ships turn around. The
  U.S. pledged not to invade Cuba.

70

• Hot Line
• In an attempt to lessen tensions
• between the US and the USSR
• direct lines of communication
• were established between the
• White House and the Kremlin

71

• JFKs Attorney General- Robert
• Kennedy
• Director of the FBI- J. Edgar
• Hoover
• Freedom Riders- when they were
• beaten in Alabama, Robert
• Kennedy sent in federal marshals
• to protect them.

72

• Voter Education Project
• 1- supported by John F. Kennedy
• and Martin Luther King,Jr.
• 2- Attempted to register
• disenfranchised African
• American voters in the south.

73

• University of Mississippi
• African American, James Meredith
• tried to enroll in a class and met
• violent opposition. Kennedy
• ordered federal marshals and
• federal troops to Mississippi as
• well as federalizing the National Guard
• to assure Merediths admittance

74

• March on Birmingham
• King attempted to desegregate
• Birmingham, Ala. Civil rights
• demonstrators were met with
• attack dogs, electric cattle prods
• and high pressure water hoses

75

• March on Washington, D.C.
• August 1963-they were
• demanding passage of civil rights
• legislation. Dr. King delivered his
• famous I have a dream speech

76
Warren Court Decisions

• Gideon v Wainright (1963) a right to an attorney
  in all cases punishable with a jail sentence
• Miranda v Arizona (1964) requires suspects to be
  informed of their right to remain silent

77

• JFK was assassinated November
• 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas by Lee
• Harvey Oswald
• Oswald was killed while in custody
• by Jack Ruby

78

• Chief Justice of the US Supreme
• Court (1953-1969) Earl Warren.
• He headed the Warren Commission
• which was set up to investigate
• the assassination of President
• Kennedy.
• They determined Oswald acted
• alone.

79

• November 22, 1963 Lyndon Baines
• Johnson took over as President of
• the U.S.
• His vision for America was called
• The Great Society. It included
• civil rights laws as well as
• initiatives launched between
• 1964-1967 and was designed to
• expand social welfare and
• eliminate poverty.