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1
Section 1-1
The Cold War Begins
Main Idea
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged
from World War II deeply distrustful of each
other and with conflicting visions for the
future. ?
Vocabulary

• containment ?

• cold war

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2
Section 1-2
The Cold War Begins
Read to Find Out . . .

• the events that led to Soviet domination in
  Eastern Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the
  Marshall Plan. ?

• how ideological differences between the Soviet
  Union and the United States fueled the cold war.

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3
Section 1-3
In evaluating his presidency, Harry S Truman
said History will remember my term of office as
the years when the cold war began to overshadow
our lives.
4
Section 1-4
An Iron Curtain Falls

• At the heart of the Allied alliance stood the
  United States and the Soviet Uniontwo nations
  bound together by a common enemy and mutual
  distrust of each other. When the war ended, the
  Soviets and the Americans looked at the world
  through different eyes. ?

• The Soviets saw awful destruction. Nothing was
  more important to them than protecting their
  nation from a rearmed Germany and rebuilding
  their shattered economy.

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5
Section 1-5
An Iron Curtain Falls (cont.)

• The Americans, on the other hand, saw a booming
  economy and a thriving democracy. Many Americans
  felt they had a mission to build a free world,
  with the United States leading the way.

6
Section 1-8
In Stalins view, possession of a ring of
pro-Soviet satellite nations such as Poland was
not a question of honor for Russia, but one of
life and death. What may have prompted this
comment?
Soviet leaders felt they needed a ring of buffer
nations along their western border to protect
Russia against future attacks.
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7
Section 1-9
Turning Point at Yalta

• Near the end of the war, the Big Three
  Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalinmet at the
  Soviet city of Yalta to work out control of the
  postwar world. ?

• At Yalta, Stalin agreed to support the United
  Nations and to join the fight against Japan after
  Germany surrendered. In exchange, Stalin would
  receive territories in Asia.

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8
Section 1-10
Turning Point at Yalta (cont.)

• When agreement broke down over Germany and
  Eastern Europe, the three leaders agreed to joint
  control of Germany until a commission could
  settle the issue of war payments. With war still
  raging in the Pacific, Roosevelt and Churchill
  had little choice but to accept Soviet occupation
  of Eastern Europe.

9
Section 1-11
Turning Point at Yalta (cont.)

• Roosevelt felt confident that he could win
  Stalins trust and convince him to relax his iron
  grip on Eastern Europe. However, he died before
  he had a chance to test this belief.

10
Section 1-13
How did the Soviets take power in Eastern Europe?
Soviet armies occupied Eastern Europe on their
march into Germany. With the war still raging in
the Pacific, Roosevelt and Churchill had no means
of forcing Stalin to give up control of the
region.
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11
Section 1-14
Truman Comes to Power

• Truman, who had little international experience
  when he assumed the presidency, stepped forward
  to support formation of the United Nations and to
  resolve control of Germany.

12
Section 1-15
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)

• Truman assumed a get-tough attitude at Potsdam
  that would become a trademark of his cold war
  diplomacy. Despite this attitude, the leaders
  worked out an agreement to carve Germany and the
  capital of Berlin into four zones controlled by
  France, Great Britain, the United States, and the
  Soviet Union. Each occupying nation would take
  war payments from its zone.

13
Section 1-15
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)
14
Section 1-15
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)

• As Trumans and Stalins mistrust of one another
  grew, they began to see the world as divided into
  two campsone dominated by capitalism, the other
  by communism. ?

• In 1946 Stalin declared that capitalism was a
  danger to world peace. Truman responded by
  adopting the policy of containment suggested by
  George Kennan. Churchill added fuel to the fire
  with his iron curtain speech and urged a show
  of strength against the Soviets.

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15
Section 1-16
Do you think Roosevelt could have negotiated more
effectively with Stalin had he lived?
Possible answer AgreeRoosevelt had managed to
force compromises out of Stalin in the past.
Disagree Stalin had refused to back down on
Germany and Eastern Europe in talks with
Roosevelt at Yalta.
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16
Section 1-17
Cold War Is Declared

• The start of the cold war marked a long struggle
  in which the United States and Soviet Union would
  try to block each others goals around the world,
  using all tactics short of all-out war.

17
Section 1-18
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)

• The first test of containment came in Greece and
  Turkey, which Truman believed might soon fall
  under Communist influence. To prevent Communist
  takeovers, he proposed a plan to provide military
  and economic aid to all free people who were
  resisting attempted subjugation by armed
  minorities or outside pressures. ?

• The so-called Truman Doctrine defined United
  States foreign policy for the next 20 years. The
  cold war was not just a struggle for territory
  but a fight between two opposing world views.

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18
Section 1-18
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)

• To prevent the Communists from making gains in
  war-torn Europe, the United States implemented
  the Marshall Plan, named after Secretary of State
  George Marshall. The plan provided massive
  amounts of financial aid to help European nations
  rebuild their infrastructures and economies.

19
Section 1-18
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)

• The Soviet Union, which was included in the
  Marshall Plan, rejected the aid. Because the
  money had to be spent on American goods, Soviet
  leaders charged that the aid strengthened United
  States capitalism at the expense of European
  freedom.

20
Section 1-18
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
21
Section 1-19
What economic reasons did the United States have
for stopping the spread of communism?
The United States wanted to have free access to
the markets of the world.
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22
Section 1-20
Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show how
differing world views paved the way for a cold
war between the United States and Soviet Union.
23
Section 1-21
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
b a
__ 1. the United States-Soviet conflict that
followed World War II in which the two powers
avoided military confrontation but opposed each
others political and economic goals __ 2. after
Wold War II, the United States policy of securing
the peace by trying to contain communism, or keep
it from expanding beyond its current borders
a. containment b. cold war
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24
Section 1-23
Checking Facts
What was the toll taken in Russian life and
property during World War II? Which six Eastern
European nations did Stalin demand control over
at Yalta?
More than 20 million died, and 25 million lost
their homes and livelihood. Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
were the six nations Stalin demanded control over.
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25
Section 1-24
Checking Facts
Describe the commitment of the United States to
rebuild Europe as part of the Marshall Plan.
The United States pledged billions of dollars to
European reconstruction.
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26
Section 1-25
Critical Thinking
Making Comparisons Why did the Soviets prefer
Roosevelts style of diplomacy to Trumans?
Truman dealt with the Soviets from a position of
distrust. Roosevelt wanted to work with the
Soviets.
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27
End of Section 1
28
Section 2-1
The Cold War Deepens
Main Idea
Both the Soviets and Chinese Communists tested
the United States policy of containment,
triggering a dangerous arms race and the Korean
War. ?
Vocabulary

• land reform ?

• limited war

• arms race ?

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29
Section 2-2
The Cold War Deepens
Read to Find Out . . .

• the causes of the Berlin blockade and the
  Communist takeover of China and the effect of
  each event on United States foreign policy. ?

• how the Korean War strengthened the powers of the
  presidency and the United States military.

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30
Section 2-3
To guard cargo shipments into Berlin, Truman
stationed 60 United States B-29s planes capable
of delivering atomic bombs in England. The
President was bluffing the planes carried no
bombs. But at the time, nobody knew for
sureincluding the Soviets.
31
Section 2-4
Berlin Crisis

• Since the end of the war, Soviet and American
  plans for Germany had put the two nations on a
  collision course. Unable to find a common ground,
  the United States, Great Britain, and France laid
  the basis for a free West German state with
  strong economic ties to the rest of Europe.

32
Section 2-5
Berlin Crisis (cont.)

• The introduction of a common currency in the
  three western zones and West Berlin enraged the
  Soviets, who demanded that Western leaders scrap
  their currency plan or accept a Soviet currency
  in eastern Germany and all of Berlin. ?

• When Western leaders went ahead with their plan,
  the Soviets imposed a blockade around Berlin.
  Taking advantage of a 1945 agreement to keep
  three air corridors open to Berlin, Truman
  organized a massive airlift into West Berlin.

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33
Section 2-5
Berlin Crisis (cont.)

• World opinion turned against the Soviet Union for
  starving innocent people to achieve its ends. The
  United States, on the other hand, won the
  goodwill of many West Germans, melting wartime
  hatreds.

34
Section 2-6
Berlin Crisis (cont.)

• In 1949, with cold war tensions rising, the
  United States, Canada, and 10 European nations
  formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  (NATO), a military alliance to prevent Soviet
  invasion of Western Europe. In 1955 the Soviet
  Union matched NATO with the Warsaw Pacta
  Soviet-Eastern European alliance planted squarely
  across the iron curtain.

35
Section 2-5
Berlin Crisis (cont.)
36
Section 2-8
How did United States membership in NATO mark a
departure from its traditional pre-World War II
foreign policy?
Membership in NATO drew the United States into an
entangling alliance with Europe.
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37
Section 2-9
The Cold War in Asia

• World War II caused nations throughout Asia to
  seek independence. Stretched thin by the job of
  rebuilding at home, Great Britain gave in to
  demands for freedom in India and Pakistanwhich
  later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh. The
  Dutch did the same in Indonesia. ?

• Meanwhile, a civil war raged in China between the
  Nationalist forces of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang
  Kai-shek) and the Communist forces of Mao Zedong
  (Mao Tse-tung).

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38
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)

• The war grew, in part, out of broken promises by
  the Nationalists to institute land reforms when
  they took power in 1910. Only the Japanese
  invasion during World War II had caused a
  temporary alliance between the warring armies.

39
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)

• Late in 1945 Truman sent George Marshall to find
  a way to end the fighting, but both Mao and Jiang
  wanted to control China alone. Truman made a
  decision to back the Nationalists, but the aid
  came too late. Corruption and refusal to enact
  land reforms made Jiangs war-tattered army
  vulnerable to defeat.

40
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)

• In December 1949 the Nationalists fled to the
  island of Taiwan, which seemed in the eyes of
  many to be a failure of containment. The National
  Security Council urged the President to support
  the remaining friendly governments in Asia,
  including Vietnam.

41
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
42
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)

• Events in Berlin and China unnerved
  everybodyincluding Truman. A high-level defense
  studyNational Security Council Report
  NSC-68suggested beginning a massive buildup of
  weapons to stay ahead of the Soviet Union. The
  nation now embarked on a dangerous arms race.

43
Section 2-11
What was the link between the Communist victory
in China and the arms race?
Sample answer Many American leaders saw the
Communists posed for an attempt at world
domination and wanted to be prepared.
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44
Section 2-12
Hot War Flares in Korea

• Korea, which had been brutally ruled by Japan
  since 1910, suffered a fate much like Germany. At
  the end of the war, it was divided at the 38th
  parallel, leaving a Communist government in the
  north and a pro-Western government in the South. ?

• On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops followed
  Soviet-made tanks across the 38th parallel.
  Truman, who saw the assault as a test of
  containment, ordered air and naval forces to
  Korea without the approval of Congress. He then
  sought help from the UN.

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45
Section 2-13
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)

• With the Soviet delegate absent from the Security
  Council, the UN backed Trumans request. UN
  troops, led by the United States, drove the North
  Koreans back to the 38th parallel. Smelling
  victory, MacArthur persuaded Truman to let him
  attempt to unify Korea.

46
Section 2-14
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)

• With North Korean troops pinned against the
  Chinese border at the Yula River, MacArthur
  ignored warnings from Mao to back off and crossed
  into China. The action drew Chinese troops into
  the conflict, which pushed UN forces back across
  the 38th parallel. ?

• During the ensuing stalemate, MacArthur openly
  criticized Truman for refusing to use nuclear
  weapons against North Korea. Truman defended his
  policy of limited war and fired MacArthur.

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47
Section 2-15
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)

• Fighting in Korea dragged on until the next
  President, Dwight D. Eisenhower, oversaw a
  ceasefire.

48
Section 2-15
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
49
Section 2-16
Why do you think Truman jumped so quickly into
the Korean conflict?
Sample answer After China, he did not want to
risk another failure at containment in Asia.
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50
Section 2-12
The Korean Wars Impact

• The Korean War settled little. Korea remained
  divided geographically and politically in much
  the same way as before the war. ?

• However, the war had long-lasting effects on the
  United States. It convinced Americans to back a
  huge military buildup and to overlook the fact
  that Truman had never sought a formal declaration
  of war from Congressa fact that greatly enhanced
  the power of the presidency.

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51
Section 2-16
What precedent did Truman set for the future?
Truman laid the groundwork for Presidents to
launch other undeclared wars.
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52
Section 2-17
Main Idea
Use a chart like the one below to show Communist
challenges to containment and the United States
response.
53
Section 2-18
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
a. land reform b. arms race c. limited war
__ 1. redistribution of property to land-poor
peasants __ 2. beginning in the Truman era, a
policy of avoiding global war by confining the
fighting to one area and using conventional
weapons, not nuclear power __ 3. competition
between the United States and the Soviet Union
for greater military strength
a c b
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54
Section 2-19
Checking Facts
What does the acronym NATO stand for? What was
the name of NATOs Soviet counterpart?
NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. The Warsaw Pact was the name of
NATOs Soviet counterpart.
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55
Section 2-20
Checking Facts
Why did Truman fire General MacArthur?
MacArthur publicly criticized Trumans policy of
limited war.
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56
Section 2-21
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions How might a Nationalist
victory in the Chinese civil war have affected
the outcome of the Korean conflict?
If Chinese Nationalists had won, the United
States might have fought an offensive war
supporting South Korea instead of a defensive one
against North Korea.
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57
End of Section 2
58
Section 3-1
Cold War in the Atomic Age
Main Idea
Soviet nuclear tests and the launching of a
Soviet satellite made the arms race more
deadlyand peace more imperativethan at any time
in history. ?
Vocabulary

• massive retaliation ?

• military-industrial complex

• brinkmanship ?

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59
Section 3-2
Cold War in the Atomic Age
Read to Find Out . . .

• how the Soviet atomic bomb affected United States
  society and the arms race. ?

• reasons for the policy of massive retaliation and
  how it helped spur the growth of a disarmament
  movement. ?
• how Sputnik brought far-reaching changes to the
  United States.

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60
Section 3-3
To prepare for nuclear war, some schools issued
military-style dog tags to identify children
after an attack.
61
Section 3-4
Living With Fear

• The dawn of the atomic age terrified Americans.
  To help calm the publics jangled nerves, Truman
  organized the Federal Civilian Defense
  Administration to show people they could survive
  a nuclear war. ?

• Americans learned how to build bomb shelters, how
  to keep from panicking, how to cope with
  radiation injuries, and more.

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62
Section 3-5
Living With Fear (cont.)

• Scary as nuclear bombs were, most Americans
  thought the best way to prevent nuclear war was
  to have more and better bombs than the Soviets.
  After a heated debate, Truman ordered scientists
  to develop a deadly hydrogen bomb, a superbomb.

63
Section 3-8
There is only one thing worse than one nation
having an atomic bomb, said one scientist in
1949. Thats two nations having it. How does
this remark reflect the thinking of Americans in
the late 1940s?
With the United States and the Soviet Union both
in possession of the bomb, people saw nuclear war
as a real possibility.
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64
Section 3-9
Eisenhower Elected

• Eisenhower walked into the presidency at the
  height of cold war tensions China had just
  fallen, the Korean War dragged on, and the H-bomb
  heated up the arms race. Yet people trusted that
  Ike would lead the country through dangerous
  times. ?

• The death of Stalin and Eisenhowers bluffs about
  a nuclear attack led Communist delegates to seek
  a resolution to the Korean War.

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65
Section 3-10
Eisenhower Elected (cont.)

• Eisenhower found in John Foster Dulles a
  secretary of state who equaled his own fierce
  anti-communism and command of world affairs.

66
Section 3-12
What advantages did Eisenhower have over Truman
in negotiating with Communists?
Sample answer Eisenhower was a war-tested
general who at first caused many Communist
leaders to wonder about how far he might go
militarily to support United States goals.
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67
Section 3-13
A New Strategy

• Instead of depending on costly armies and navies
  to limit wars as Truman did, Eisenhower relied on
  cheaper air power and nuclear weapons. Under a
  program called the New Look, he reduced the
  manpower of the army and navy, while increasing
  the number of air force personnel.

68
Section 3-14
A New Strategy (cont.)

• To put teeth into the scaled-down military,
  Eisenhower and Dulles pledged to meet aggression
  with massive retaliationan instant nuclear
  attack. To back up this tough stance, they
  circled the Soviet Union and China with American
  military bases and allies.

69
Section 3-14
A New Strategy (cont.)

• Critics dubbed the new foreign policy
  brinkmanshipthe art of never backing down from a
  crisis. It posed two dangers (1) It gave the
  United States only two choiceseither fight a
  nuclear battle or do nothing. (2) It also led the
  Soviets to develop more powerful bombs, creating
  what Churchill called a balance of terror.

70
Section 3-15
What did Eisenhower mean when he told Americans
his defense plan provided a bigger bang for the
buck.
Sample answer He had scaled back the size and
expense of the military while beefing up the
nations nuclear capacity.
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71
Section 3-16
Eisenhower Wages Peace

• While Eisenhower used the war machine to curb
  Communist aggression, he also worked for peace.
  On the one hand he approved the explosion of the
  biggest H-bomb ever tested on the other hand he
  proposed the atoms for peace plan to the UN.

72
Section 3-17
Eisenhower Wages Peace (cont.)

• The radioactive fallout from H-bomb tests led
  people worldwide to clamor for a halt in the arms
  race. Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders Nikolay
  Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev in Geneva,
  Switzerland, to discuss disarmament. Although the
  conference yielded few results, the two powers
  were talking again.

73
Section 3-18
Eisenhower Wages Peace (cont.)
74
Section 3-19
How did the arms race become a global issue?
Nuclear testing caused radioactive fallout that
knew no borders and drifted worldwide.
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75
Section 3-13
The Deep Freeze Returns

• The thaw in relations was short-lived. Two events
  revived tensions (1) In 1956 Khrushchev ordered
  troops to crush an uprising in Hungary. (2) In
  1957 the Soviets launched Sputnik, leading the
  United States to launch the National Aeronautics
  and Space Administration (NASA)the start of the
  space race.

76
Section 3-14
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
77
Section 3-14
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)

• Pressure to rein in arms production remained
  strong. In 1957 a group of business, scientific,
  and publishing leaders organized SANEthe
  Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policyto lobby for
  arms reductions. That same year the publication
  of On the Beach whipped up public support for a
  halt in H-bomb tests.

78
Section 3-14
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)

• In 1963 the United States and the Soviet Union
  bowed to a growing world outcry and signed a
  test-ban treaty prohibiting nuclear testing in
  the atmosphere. However, the treaty permitted
  tests underground and in outer space. ?

• By the end of his presidency, Eisenhower had
  become deeply concerned about the power of the
  military-industrial complexthe vast, interwoven
  military establishment and arms industry.

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79
Section 3-14
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
80
Section 3-15
What threats did the military-industrial complex
pose to democracy?
Possible answer Eisenhower believed the
military-industrial complex would have a higher
stake in war than in peace.
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81
Section 3-20
Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show ways in
which the arms race became more deadly during the
1950s.
82
Section 3-21
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. practice of attempting to keep the peace
among nations by letting it be known that one
will never back down and is prepared to cross
the brink of war __ 2. the cold war policy of the
United States under which aggression against any
ally would be met with an immediate all-out
nuclear strike __ 3. the vast, interwoven
military establishment and arms industry
a. massive retaliation b. brinkmanship c. military
-industrial complex
b a c
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83
Section 3-23
Checking Facts
Why did Eisenhower appoint Dulles as his
secretary of state?
Dulles was fiercely anti-Communist and had over
40 years experience in foreign relations.
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84
Section 3-24
Checking Facts
What steps did the United States take to close
the missile gap after the launching of Sputnik?
The United States increased spending for missile
development launched NASA built more bombers
and submarines installed missiles in Europe and
trained scientists, engineers, and students.
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display the answer.
85
Section 3-25
Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences In 1961, Eisenhower
predicted the rise of a military-industrial
complex. What are some possible consequences of
an alliance between industry and the military?
Some possible consequences of an alliance between
industry and the military are economic dependence
on military production and temptation to use
stockpiled weapons.
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86
End of Section 3
87
Section 4-1
A New Battleground
Main Idea
Cold war rivalries led the United States and the
Soviet Union to spy on each other and to
interfere in the affairs of developing countries
in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. ?
Vocabulary

• emerging nation ?

• nationalization

• convert operation ?

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88
Section 4-2
A New Battleground
Read to Find Out . . .

• how the United States and Soviet Union competed
  for the loyalty of emerging nations. ?

• reasons for United States interest in the Middle
  East and the policies adopted to protect American
  influence in the region. ?
• causes and effects of the Cuban missile crisis.

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89
Section 4-3
In the 1970s Senator Frank Church of Idaho
chaired a committee that forced the CIA to
declassify secret documents. These documents
revealed several assassination plots, most of
which failed. The most frequent target was Fidel
Castro.
90
Section 4-4
New Worlds to Conquer

• After World War II, emerging nations in Asia,
  Latin America, and Africa shook off colonial rule
  and became a cold war battleground. ?

• The United States depended on developing nations
  for raw materials and markets. These nations also
  provided a line of defense, if allied with the
  United States, against the expansion of communism.

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91
Section 4-5
New Worlds to Conquer (cont.)

• Many emerging nations, however, did not want to
  exchange domination by a colonial power for
  domination by a cold war superpower. ?

• Facing resistance from emerging nations, the
  United States used many methods to win friends
  and wage cold war, including massive amounts of
  foreign aid and covert operations by the CIA.

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92
Section 4-7
How did the cold war affect United States
policies toward national self-determination in
the emerging world?
Sample answer The United States tended to see
struggles for self-determination as revolutions
directed by the Soviet Union.
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93
Section 4-8
The CIA Joins the Fight

• In 1947 Congress passed the National Security
  Act, which streamlined the defense system and
  created the CIA and the National Security Council
  (NSC). The two agencies reported to the
  President. ?

• With increased power and funding, CIA agents
  worked behind the scene worldwide to overthrow
  neutral or pro-Soviet governments and to prop up
  pro-Western ones. This resource gave the White
  House virtual control over foreign policy.

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94
Section 4-9
The CIA Joins the Fight (cont.)
95
Section 4-11
How did the CIA affect the presidency?
It allowed the President to conduct covert
operations without the approval of Congress.
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96
Section 4-12
The CIA and the Shah

• In 1951 efforts by Iranian prime minister Dr.
  Mohammad Mossadeg to nationalize British oil
  fields led the British to organize an
  international boycott of Iranian oil. ?

• Eisenhower saw Irans economic chaos as a
  breeding ground for communism. He authorized CIA
  agent Kermit Roosevelt to engineer Mossadegs
  overthrow, while leaving the young Shah, Mohammad
  Reza Pahlavi, in place.

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97
Section 4-13
The CIA and the Shah (cont.)

• After a series of blunders, Iranian agents for
  the CIA ousted Mossadeg. With the Shah in power,
  Western oil companies signed an oil agreement
  with Iran. The deal enriched the Shah, ensured
  the future of the CIA, and planted the seeds of
  Iranian hatred of the United States.

98
Section 4-15
What were the short-term and long-term effects of
CIA activities in Iran?
The United States secured Western access to
Iranian oil fields but earned the hatred of
Iranians who saw the Shah as a United States
puppet.
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99
Section 4-16
War in Egypt

• In 1956 the newly independent nation of Egypt
  seized the Suez Canala vital link between oil
  ports along the Persian Gulf and the
  Mediterranean. Great Britain, which had
  controlled the canal, invaded Egypt along with
  France and Israel.

100
Section 4-16
War in Egypt (cont.)

• Fearing that the action would drive the Middle
  East into the Soviet camp, Eisenhower called for
  a UN resolution condemning the invasion. Without
  United States support, the three American allies
  pulled out and the canal was turned over to Egypt.

101
Section 4-17
War in Egypt (cont.)

• Afraid of growing Soviet influence in the
  oil-rich Middle East, Congress approved the
  so-called Eisenhower Doctrinea policy that
  promised economic and military aid to any
  pro-Western governments in the region.

102
Section 4-18
Senator J. William Fulbright called the
Eisenhower Doctrine a blank grant of power over
our funds and armed forces. What did he mean?
Possible answer Fulbright felt the doctrine
allowed the President to act independently in the
Middle East.
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103
Section 4-16
Latin America

• In Latin America nationalists began a struggle to
  loosen the grip of United States firms on their
  economics. In 1958 Fidel Castro ousted the
  pro-United States dictator, Fulgencio Batista. He
  then seized American businesses and signed a
  trade agreement with Moscow.

104
Section 4-17
Latin America (cont.)

• Eisenhower approved a CIA-backed invasion of
  Cuba, which fell to Kennedy to complete. The Bay
  of Pigs invasion failed miserably and exposed an
  American plot to overthrow a neighbors
  government. ?

• Castro and Khrushchev confronted the United
  States by installing Soviet nuclear missiles and
  bombers near Havana. In October 1962 a United
  States spy plane discovered the installations.

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105
Section 4-17
Latin America (cont.)

• The so-called Cuban missile crisis brought the
  United States and the Soviet Union to the brink
  of war. Kennedy blocked Cuban shipping lanes and
  pushed Khrushchev to remove the missiles. After a
  tense week, Khrushchev stepped back.

106
Section 4-17
Latin America (cont.)
107
Section 4-17
Latin America (cont.)

• The standoff forced the United States and the
  Soviet Union to accept each others power and to
  admit the importance of negotiation. The two
  nations installed a hot line to avert future
  crises, but neither nation slowed down the arms
  race.

108
Section 4-18
How did Kennedys conduct in the Cuban missile
crisis reflect a continuation of Eisenhowers
foreign policy?
Kennedy practiced brinkmanship.
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109
Section 4-19
Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show why and
how the United States became involved in the
affairs of emerging nations.
110
Section 4-20
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. the process of changing a property or
industry from private to government ownership
after World War II Irans declaration that its
oil fields, with their British-owned factories,
were the property of Iranian government __ 2. a
developing country in Asia, Latin America, or
Africa __ 3. a secret or undercover government
mission
a. emerging nation b. covert operation c. national
ization
c a b
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111
Section 4-21
Checking Facts
What sparked the controversy between Iran and
Great Britain in 1951?
The nationalization of the oil industry in Iran,
which affected British refineries there, sparked
the controversy between Iran and Great Britain.
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display the answer.
112
Section 4-22
Checking Facts
Why did Castros revolution threaten United
States interests?
Politically, it created a Communist presence
close to the United States. Economically, it
destroyed American business interests in Cuba.
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display the answer.
113
Section 4-23
Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences How would the United
States benefit if Castros revolution failed?
If Castros revolution failed it would rid the
nation of an offshore Communist outpost that
threatened to export revolution to the Americas.
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114
End of Section 4
115
End of Slide Show