Chapter 4

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Chapter 4 5Energy Flow

• Ecosystems? Everything is connected. Remember an
  ecosystem is all the living and non-living
  factors and how they interact with each other.
• Examples of special ecosystems
• Forests -oceans -rainforests
• Saltmarshes -swamps -tide pools
• Back yards -caves -flood plains

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Vocabulary

• Organism Living things
• Species A group of organisms that are
  genetically able to reproduce. Have common
  traits and characteristics.
• Populations Members of a species that all live
  in the same place and are able to interact.
• Communities a group of different species all
  living in the same space. ONLY BIOTIC
• Habitat Place the organism lives includes food,
  water, shelter and space.
• Environment The surroundings or conditions in
  which a person, animal, or plant lives or
  operates.

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Energy Flow In A System

• Energy flow in a system begins with the Sun
• Photosynthesis is the process where a plant takes
  radiant energy from the sun and uses it to
  chemically make food or sugar

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Cellular Respiration

• The opposite of photosynthesis
• Cells release stored energy in food by breaking
  chemical bonds and releasing that stored energy
  from the sun.

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This Energy is Stored in Food and Begins the Food
Chain

• Producers organisms that trap energy from the
  sun plants, algae and bacteria
• Consumers get energy by eating producers.
  Examples are mice, deer, birds, ants, humans etc.
  There are many levels of consumers
• Primary consumers eats producers
• Secondary consumers eats primary consumers
• Tertiary consumers eats secondary, etc.
• There could be more levels but after the
  tertiary level, energy is virtually zero.

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More Food Web Terminology

• Decomposer organism that breaks down dead
  organisms in an ecosystem and returns nutrients
  to the soil, water and air.

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And More

• Herbivore Eats producers/plants
• Examples Deer, birds, grasshoppers, moose
• Carnivore Eats other consumers
• Examples Coyotes, bobcats, owls, hawks, snakes,
  spiders, wolves
• Omnivores Eats both producers and consumers
• Examples Bears, rats, raccoons, humans
• Autotroph These are the producers in a food
  chain. They make their own food through light or
  chemical energy.
• Heterotroph These are the consumers in a food
  chain. They must eat another autotroph or
  heterotroph to obtain energy.

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Simple Food Chain
Food Chain The sequence of the transfer of food
energy from one organism to another in an
ecological community.
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Forest Ecosystem Food Web
Food Web A food web is many food chains linked
together to show a more accurate model of all
possible feeding relationships of organisms in an
ecosystem.
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Food Webs and Trophic Level

• Trophic Levels Each step through which energy is
  transferred in a food chain.
• Each time an organism consumes another, energy
  exits the system as heat during cellular
  respiration, so less energy is available at the
  next level.
• Only 10 of what the organism below ate is
  available at the next level. That means 90 of
  the energy was used!

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Energy Pyramid Trophic Levels
Trophic Level 4
Trophic Level 3
Trophic Level 2
Trophic Level 1
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Subtract 90
Subtract 90
Subtract 90
Subtract 90
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Food Web Activity

• You will be creating a food web of various
  organisms in New Hampshire.
• What you need
• 1 copy of the directions and questions
• 1 copy of the animal pictures
• 1 large piece of paper
• Glue or tape
• Colorful Marker/Colored Pencils

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BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

• Biological magnification Process by which toxic
  chemicals enter into a system and are taken up by
  organisms.
• At each trophic level the chemicals are passed
  along in greater concentrations due to the fact
  that upper trophic levels need to eat more
  organisms to gain their needed energy
• Because of this, top feeders have higher levels
  of heavy metals and pesticides.
• Examples Tuna, Swordfish, Shark, Chilean
  Seabass, etc.

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Mercury in Our Environment

• Mercury bio accumulates in the environment
• Number one source is burning coal
• Power plants
• Industry
• Once incinerated, the mercury in the air
  contaminates rain water which falls into major
  water bodies.

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• Other sources include
• Mining
• Agriculture
• Urban

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Lead in our Environment

• Lead pollution primarily came from cars in the
  past because gas used to have lead in it.
• Today, lead pollution primarily comes from lead
  smelters, metal processing plants and
  incinerators.
• Lead was also used in a lot of paints due to its
  low cost.
• How does Lead Pollution affect the body?
• Lead in the body can damage internal organs
• Lead can also damage the brain and nervous system
• In a long term scenario, it can cause
  reproductive disorders and/or osteoporosis
• Enough lead in the body will be fatal

http//www.belleville.k12.wi.us/bhs/health/environ
ment/leadpollution.htm
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PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)

• Another toxin that was used in electrical
  insulators, capacitors, and electric appliances
  such as television sets or refrigerators.
• PCBs were also sprayed on dirt roads to keep the
  dust down prior to knowing some of the unintended
  consequences from widespread use. 
• Banned in the U.S. in 1979
• How does PCB pollution affect the body?
• PCBs have been shown to cause cancer in animals.
  PCBs have also been shown to cause a number of
  serious non-cancer health effects in animals,
  including effects on the immune system,
  reproductive system, and nervous system.

http//oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pcbs.html
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DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)

• DDT was first developed as an insecticide in the
  1940s.
• It was used to combat malaria and typhus, along
  with other insect-borne diseases.
• It wasnt until the 1950s and 60s when the USDA
  finally began prohibiting use of DDT. This was
  because its effects as an insecticide were
  declining since insects were becoming resistant
  to it. It also had been linked to adverse health
  effects in wildlife and humans, as well as
  harming the environment.

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Rachel Carson and Silent Spring

• Rachel Carson was an American marine biologist
  and conservationist.
• In 1962, she wrote a book called Silent Spring
  which brought mounting awareness to the issue of
  pesticide use and its harm on the environment.
• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) wasnt
  developed until 1970, directly because of the
  actions of Rachel Carson. Just two year later,
  the EPA officially banned the use of DDT in the
  United States.

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How it Becomes Concentrated
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Top Trophic Level Consumers
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