Notes on Chapter 7.1

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CHAPTER 6Life is Cellular
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I. History of Cells

• A. Microscopes
• 1. Merchants first used hand lens to
• asses cloth quality
• 2. Hans Zacharias Janssen (c. 1590)-
• Dutch lens makers invented first
• compound microscope

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• 3. Robert Hook (1665)- used light
• microscope to look at cork
• Saw tiny chambers that he called cells
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek-
• one of the first to use
• microscopes to observe
• nature
• Tiny organisms in H2O
• Animalcules.. bacteria

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• B. Cell Theory
• 1. When? 1838-1939
• a. Matthias Schleiden
• All plants made of cells
• b. Theodor Schwann
• All animals made of cells

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• 2. Rudolf Virchow
• Studied cell reproduction/cancer
• All cells came from another cell

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3. Cell Theory

• a) All living things are composed of cells
• b) Cells are basic units of structure and
  function in living things
• c) New cells are produced from existing cells

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II. Cell Types

• A. Prokaryotes
• 1. Cells generally smaller
• 2. Do not have nuclei
• 3. Evolved first
• 4. All bacteria are prokaryotes
• Ex E. coli, staph

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• B. Eukaryotes
• 1. Contain nucleus
• 2. Cells are more complex- many
• eukaryotes form larger, multi-cellular
• organisms
• 3. Evolved after prokaryotes
• 4. Ex Plants, animals, fungi

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III. Differences Between Plants Animals

• Plants Have (animals do not)
• Cell wall, chloroplasts,
• plastids, large central water
• vacuole
• B. Animals have (plants do not)
• Centrioles, lysosomes

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IV. Boundaries of the Cell

• Plasma/Cell Membrane
• - All cells
• - Made of phospholipid monomers
• - Double-layer, hydrophobic tails
• in-between
• - Hydrophilic heads line outside
• and inside of cell
• Cell Wall
• - Plants only, used for support
• and shape, protection
• - Made of cellulose, hemicellulose,
• and pectin

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V. Cellular Organization

• A. Unicellular- one cell
• 1. Cell IS the organism
• 2. Must perform all functions of life, tend
  to be
• more complex on a cellular basis than
  multi-
• cell organisms
• Ex Include prokaryotes
• eukaryotes

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• B. Multi-cellular organisms
• 1. Cells do not live on their own
• Interdependent
• 2. Each has a function for the
• whole and cell specialization to
• perform particular functions within
  organism
• Ex Pancreatic cells

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C. 5 Levels of Organization

• Individual cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Organism
• Cells
• Specialization of functions
• Nerve cells muscle cells rely on other cells to
  give them materials

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Tissues

• A group of similar cells that perform a
  particular function
• Ex cells in pancreas make digestive enzymes
• Most animals have 4 types of tissue
• Muscle
• Epithelial
• Nervous
• Connective

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Organs

• Groups of tissues that work together
• Ex muscle has nerve cells connective tissue
• organ systems
• Group of organs that work together to perform a
  specific function
• 11 major organ systems in human body

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• END OF POWERPOINT
• YOU MUST KNOW ALL THE ORGANELLES AND FUNCTIONS OF
  THE STRUCTURES ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDES

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Basic Cell Structures

• Typical cells are 5-50 µm
• Cell membrane
• thin, flexible barrier around cell
• Cell wall
• strong layer around cell membrane (plants)
• serve to protect and support

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Basic Cell Structures

• Nucleus
• large structure containing cells genetic
  material and controls cells activities
• Cytoplasm
• material inside cell membrane but not including
  the nucleus

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Cytoplasm

• Contains specialized cells called organelles that
  perform cellular functions

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Notes on Chapter 7.2

• Cell Structures

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Cell wall

• Found in plants, algae, fungi, and almost all
  prokaryotes
• Animal cells do NOT have cell walls!
• Allow H2O, O2, CO2, and other substances to pass
• Function- to provide support protection
• Made of CH2Os and protein
• Plants- mostly cellulose

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Nucleus

• Controls most cell processes
• Contains hereditary information of DNA
• DNA codes to make proteins
• Chromatin
• DNA bound to protein
• spread throughout nucleus- condenses during
  division
• Chromosomes
• Distinct, thread-like, condensed chromatin
• Contain genetic information

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Nucleolus

• Small, dense region inside nucleus
• Assembles ribosomes that make proteins
• Nuclear Membrane
• Double-membrane layer
• Many pores to allow materials in and out- doors
• RNA

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Cytoskeleton

• Protein calcium filaments
• Act like skeleton, give shape
• Cell movement
• Microtubules
• hollow tubes tracks that organelles use to
  move
• Important in cell division separate chromosomes
• Cilia
• Flagella

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Microfilaments

• Give movement support
• Tough, flexible framework
• Motor proteins move organelles

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Ribosomes

• Made of RNA in nucleolus
• Assemble proteins
• Workers

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Endoplasmic reticulum

• Conveyor belt
• Makes cell membrane components
• Modifies proteins
• rough and smooth
• Rough ER- involved in synthesis of proteins
• Gets appearance by ribsomes

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Ribosomes

• Smooth ER- does not have ribosomes on surface
• Makes lipids for cell membranes

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Golgi Apparatus

• Quality control
• Stack of membranes
• Proteins made by RER move here
• Enzymes modify carbohydrates and lipids to
  proteins
• Brings to the cell surface to be secreted

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Lysosomes

• Janitors
• Small, filled with enzymes
• Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
  into particles the cell uses
• Break down old organelles

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Vacuoles

• Storage
• Store H2O, salts, proteins, CH2Os
• Support structures, like leaves and flowers
• Plants often have a central, large vacuole
• Smaller vacuoles- vesicles

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Chloroplasts

• Solar panels
• Found in plants
• Use energy from sunlight to make energy/food-
  Glucose
• photosynthesis
• Two envelope membranes
• Stacks of membranes that hold green pigment
• DNA

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Mitochondria

• Power house
• Release energy from stored food
• Use energy to make high-energy compounds
• Cell growth, development, and movement
• 2 envelope membranes
• DNA
• Inherited from mom!
• Found in all eukaryotic cells

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Cell as a factory

• Plasma membrane- shipping/receiving department
• Cytoskeleton- walls, roof, and beams
• Nucleus- the control center, CEO
• Ribosome- workers
• Golgi Apparatus- Quality control
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts- power sources
• Lysosomes- janitors