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What Comes First?

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Title: What Comes First?


1
What Comes First?
  • Preparing Digital Images for Publication
  • Suzanne Paquette, J Histochem Cytochem
  • Histochemistry 2006 The Nexus of Histochemistry
    and Molecular Genetics
  • August 23-27, 2006
  • Hilton Waikoloa Village, The Big Island of
    Hawai'i, USA

2
What Comes First the Figures or the Manuscript?
  • Until your paper is written, you may not know
  • Which data and images will become figures
  • How you will present or arrange the figures
  • Not all figures can be treated the same.
  • Different figure types have different publishing
    requirements.
  • Image file types and software drastically effect
    figure handling.
  • This can create a what comes first? problem
  • Potential figure data may exist before the
    manuscript itself.
  • The Result You must be thinking about
    publication requirements when you generate any
    potential figure data.

3
Handling the 'What Comes First' Problem
  • Know the difference between publishing industry
    and digital imaging terms.
  • Publishers are concerned with a figures content.
  • Does the figure have graphs, diagrams, or
    photographs?
  • Is the figure in color?
  • Digital Imaging is concerned with file type and
    software.
  • Can the file only be opened by a specific program
    (proprietary)?
  • Is it a pixel-based image or a line-art image?
  • Follow general guidelines for figure publication
  • There are trends in image requirements you can
    follow.
  • You are more likely to make a figure that a
    publisher can use if you follow these trends.

4
Handling the 'What Comes First'
ProblemPublication Industry Terms and
Definitions
  • Terms and Definitions Publication Industry
  • Continuous-tone Figures figures made of
    photographic content, with labeling on the image.
  • Visual Examples. No external labeling!
  • Images courtesy of Dr. Richard W. Burry

5
Handling the 'What Comes First'
ProblemPublication Industry Terms and
Definitions
  • Line-art Figures figures that are line-drawings,
    graphs, diagrams, or text and that contain no
    continuous-tone figures.
  • Visual Examples. No photographic images!

6
Handling the 'What Comes First'
ProblemPublication Industry Terms and
Definitions
  • Combination Figures a combination of line-art
    figures, continuous-tone figures, and/or external
    text labeling.
  • Visual Examples
  • Images courtesy of Dr. Richard W. Burry

7
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemDigital
Imaging Terms and Definitions
  • Terms and Definitions Digital Imaging
  • Resolution a measure of the number of pixels
    (dots) in a unit of distance on the image. Common
    measurements dots per inch (DPI) and pixels per
    centimeter (PPC)

8
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemDigital
Imaging Terms and Definitions
  • Rasterized Image Files image files made of
    pixels or dots. Types of rasterized image file
    include TIFF, Bitmap, JPG, and GIF.
  • Line-art Image Files image files defined as a
    series of lines, vectors, objects, and blocks of
    text. Types of line-art image file include EPS,
    PDF, and Metafile.
  • These terms are not based on the content of the
    image, they are based on the digital format of
    the image file.
  • A specific image file format is not limited to a
    certain type of image content.
  • The content of a given image file could be a
    continuous-tone image, a line-art image, or a
    combination image.

9
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemDigital
Imaging Terms and Definitions
  • An example of a line-art figure (a chemical
    diagram) saved as a Rasterized Image File, and as
    a Line-art Image File.

Rasterized Image File
Line-art Image File
10
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemDigital
Imaging Terms and Definitions
  • Rasterize/Rasterizing converting a Line-art
    image file into a Rasterized Image file.
  • Usually done by opening the Line-art image file
    in a photo-editing program (eg. Adobe Photoshop,
    Jasc Paint Shop Prot).
  • Rasterizing a line-art image file produces a
    copy of it with a fixed resolution and size.
  • This new copy is made of pixels, thus it is a
    Rasterized Image File.

11
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemDigital
Imaging Terms and Definitions
  • Proprietary File Format a file format that
    requires a specific program or version of a
    program to be opened.
  • PSD (Adobe Photoshop) and PPT (Microsoft
    Powerpoint) are examples of proprietary file
    formats.
  • Because of this limitation, most publishers will
    ask for non-proprietary formats, which include
    TIFF, BMP, EPS, and JPG.
  • Special Case Adobes PDF format is not strictly
    a proprietary format, because programs other than
    Adobe software can open and in some cases even
    edit a PDF. Many publishers will allow you to
    submit a figure in PDF format, however you must
    check with your publisher first.

12
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemGeneral
Guidelines
  • General Guidelines
  • Always keep basic image requirements for review
    and publication in mind
  • Always capture or scan image at the highest
    resolution possible.
  • Keep copies of your original, unedited, source
    files.
  • Use the appropriate file-types and formats

13
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemGeneral
Guidelines
  • Basic Image Requirements for Review and
    Publication
  • High resolution (300-900 DPI) must be present
    when the figure is generated, and cannot be
    created later. Resolution requirements vary from
    300 DPI to 900 DPI depending on the image
    content.
  • Non-proprietary file types (TIFF, EPS, JPG, etc.)
    do not require specific programs or versions to
    be opened or edited, ensuring that your publisher
    can use your files.
  • Standard fonts (Arial, Times or Times New Roman)
    should be used for any labeling your publisher
    may not have copies of other fonts, and
    substitutions can introduce errors in your
    figures.

14
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemGeneral
Guidelines
  • Generate Images at High Resolution
  • Images must be generated in high resolution,
    because it cannot be added later. This includes
  • When an image is captured (eg. with a camera,
    microscope)
  • When a photograph, printout, or slide is scanned
    with a scanner
  • When a drawing is made in a photo-editing program
  • When a line-art image is exported as a rasterized
    image (TIFF, Bitmap, or JPG).
  • A rasterized images number of total pixels is
    fixed when it is generated.
  • This means the resolution at a given size is also
    fixed.
  • Attempting to raise the resolution can result in
    a loss of sharpness and distortions in the image
    as your photo-editing software generates new
    pixel data.

15
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemGeneral
Guidelines
  • Visual example of creating new pixels.

16
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemGeneral
Guidelines
  • Keep Unaltered Copies of Your Source Files
  • All image data should be kept in some unlabeled,
    uncropped, and unsized format.
  • There is always the possibility that
  • You will decide to rework a figure.
  • The publisher will request substantial changes.
  • You will notice an error that must be corrected.
  • If your original source image and data files are
    available to you, correcting or re-creating your
    figures is much easier.

17
Handling the 'What Comes First' ProblemGeneral
Guidelines
  • Use Appropriate File Types
  • Only some programs are ideal for specific image
    types.
  • Using them to create and edit other image types
    may not produce publishable results.
  • Continuous-tone Figures Use rasterized image
    formats such as TIFF and BMP. Some publishers
    allow JPGs.
  • Line-art Figures Use line-art image formats such
    as EPS, PS, PDF, EMF, and WMF.
  • Combination Figures Line-art image formats can
    often accomodate the continuous-tone images in a
    combination image. Rasterized formats require a
    resolution of 800 DPI or more to support a
    combination, and are not preferred.

18
Figure Preparation and Layout
  • Plan your figures before you start to create
    them.
  • Decide which images will make up each figure.
  • Isolating graphs and line-art from
    continuous-tone images (micrographs, photographs)
    can simplify figure creation.
  • Combining line-art and continuous-tone images can
    create sophisticated figures that convey a good
    deal of data.
  • Decide on the layout and labeling of each figure.
  • Dont use your software - Make hand-drawn layouts
    in pen/pencil, or using photocopies of your
    images.
  • Saves time, is easily changed, and requires no
    computer skills

19
Figure Assembly
  • Different figure types demand different assembly
    procedures.
  • Continuous-tone figures with labeling directly on
    the images should be assembled with photo-editing
    software.
  • Line-art figures are best handled in a line-art
    program. Graphs should be made in graphing
    software, then exported for use in a line-art
    program diagrams and schematics should be drawn
    in line-art software and exported as an EPS or
    PDF file.

20
Figure Assembly
  • Combination figures are best assembled using a
    combination of programs.
  • Generate/Edit the individual panels in the
    appropriate software.
  • Graphs graphing software
  • Drawing, diagrams line-art software
  • Continuous-tone images generate at the highest
    resolution possible, edit using photo-editing
    software.
  • Combine the figure panels
  • Option 1 Use software that can handle both
    rasterized images and line-art, graphs, or
    diagrams Microsoft Powerpoint Adobe InDesign,
    PageMaker, or Illustrator Canvas Quark Express
  • Option 2 Use photo-editing software to assemble
    your combination figure as a very high resolution
    TIFF or BMP image (minimum of 800 DPI).

21
What Really Comes First?
  • Creating publishable figures doesnt have to be
    difficult.
  • Some familiarity with the needs of publishers can
    allow you to anticipate their requests.
  • Following general guidelines for figure
    generation can smooth over the publication
    process, no matter who you publish with.
  • Planning your figures can save you time as well
    as frustration in working with imaging software.
  • The easier it is to make your figures, the more
    time and energy youll have for the rest of the
    manuscript

22
Resources
  • How do I find out how to do something in these
    imaging programs?
  • Some programs have very useful Help sections.
  • Most software will have a Help option on the Main
    Menu.
  • Some programs have searchable Help files full of
    tips and tricks (this is especially true of Adobe
    software).
  • Google It!
  • Google lets you do a full-text search of the
    World Wide Web, thus enabling you to locate tips
    and tricks posted by others!
  • Learn how to search with keywords that will
    quickly locate helpful information, while
    skipping information you dont need.

23
Resources
  • Software Toolbox
  • Photo-editing Software
  • Adobe Photoshop - http//www.adobe.com/products/ph
    otoshop/
  • Corel Paint Shop Pro - http//www.corel.com/paints
    hop/
  • Microsoft PhotoEditor - http//office.microsoft.co
    m
  • Line-art Software
  • Adobe Illustrator - http//www.adobe.com/products/
    illustrator/
  • ACD Systems Canvas - http//www.acdamerica.com/pro
    ducts-x/x/
  • CambridgeSoft ChemDraw and BioDraw -
    http//www.cambridgesoft.com/software/
  • Graphing Software
  • Microsoft Excel - http//office.microsoft.com
  • Systat SigmaPlot - http//www.systat.com/products/
    sigmaplot/
  • Graphpad Prism - http//www.graphpad.com/prism/Pri
    sm.htm

24
Resources
  • Software, cont.
  • Publishing/Presentation Software
  • These programs are useful in combining
    complex images, such as combination figures, but
    in some cases require a good deal of practice to
    use efficiently.
  • Microsoft Powerpoint, Microsoft Publisher -
    http//office.microsoft.com
  • Adobe InDesign - http//www.adobe.com/products/in
    design/
  • Adobe PageMaker - http//www.adobe.com/products/pa
    gemaker/
  • Quark Express - http//www.quark.com/products/xpre
    ss/

25
Resources
  • Workshop Syllabus and Presentations
  • Available on the Histochemical Society website in
    high- and low-resolution PDF formats.
  • Contains demonstrations and examples as well as
    this presentation in full-text format.
  • http//www.histochemicalsociety.org/presentations/

26
Examples and Demonstrations
  • Sizing Your Newly Captured Images
  • Introducing the Image Size window
  • Resolution and interpolating image data
  • Converting Powerpoint slides into TIFFs
  • Generate your Powerpoint slide
  • Generate an Adobe PDF using Acrobat Distiller
  • Rasterize the PDF in Photoshop at an appropriate
    resolution.
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