Protein Synthesis

1
Protein Synthesis

• Georgia Performance Standards
• Compare and contrast the structure and function
  of
• DNA and RNA
• Explain the role of DNA in storing and
  transmitting
• cellular information

• Essential Questions
• EQ How does the cell make protein?
• EQ Why do you need DNA and RNA?
• EQ What do proteins have to do with the genetic
  traits?

2
Essential Review

• What are the four macromolecules organisms are
  made of?
• Which one is used mostly for structure?
• 3. What is the monomer (-o-) of this
  macromolecule ( o-o-o-o) ?

3
Nucleic Acid Review

• DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Double Helix
• Found in
• Nucleus (eukaryote)
• Cytoplasm (prokaryote)
• Composed of Nucleotides
• Deoxyribose Sugar
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases
• Adenine and Thymine
• Cytosine and Guanine

4
Nucleic Acid Review

• RNA Ribonucleic Acid
• Single stranded
• In cytoplasm
• Types of RNA
• mRNA (codon)
• tRNA (anticodon)
• rRNA

• Nucleotide
• Ribose sugar
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen base
• Adenine
• Uracil
• Cytosine
• Guanine

5
Molecular Genetics
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
DNA ? RNA? Protein DNA can NOT leave the
nucleus. Big Boss So, how does the info from
DNA get to the cytoplasm (ribosome)?


6
Molecular Genetics
Chapter 12
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
CODON Anticodon
7
Concept Map
Section 12-3
RNA
can be
also called
which functions to
also called
also called
which functions to
which functions to
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to
to make up
Go to Section
8
Molecular Genetics
Chapter 12
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
Transcription

• Through transcription, the DNA code is
  transferred to mRNA in the nucleus.

9
Molecular Genetics
Chapter 12
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
The Code

• Experiments during the 1960s demonstrated that
  the DNA code was a three-base code.

• The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a
  codon.

10
Molecular Genetics
Chapter 12
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
Translation

• In translation, tRNA molecules act as the
  interpreters of the mRNA codon sequence.

• At the middle of the folded strand, there is a
  three-base coding sequence called the anticodon.

• Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the
  mRNA.

11
Molecular Genetics
Chapter 12
12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein
12
Protein Synthesis Overview

• Genes are sequences of DNA that code for the
  production of proteins in the cell.
• mRNA (codon) enters the nucleus
• RNA polymerase copies part of the nucleotide
  sequence from DNA into RNA (transcription)

• DNA CCC-TAG-GAT-GTA-CGC
• mRNA GGG-AUC-CUA-CAU-GCG
• Video Clip- 4 min. MyContent

13
Protein Synthesis Overview

• mRNA goes through the nuclear pores to take that
  copy to the ribosome, which is in the cytoplasm.
• tRNA (anticodon) reads the mRNA (codon) and
  transfers amino acids to make proteins
  (translation)

• mRNA GGG-AUC-CUA-CAU-GCG
• tRNA CCC-UAG-GAU-GUA-CGC
• Glyine-Isoleusine-Leucine-Histidine-Alanine
• Video Clip

14
Elongation

• The ribosome joins amino acids together through
  peptide bonds.
• The ribosome moves along the mRNA binding new
  tRNA and amino acid molecules.

15
Termination

• The process continues until the ribosome reaches
  one of the three stop codons.
• UGA
• UAG
• UAA

16
The Genetic Code

• Because there are four different bases, there are
  64 possible three-base codons (4 4 4 64).
• Some amino acids can be specified by more than
  one codon (only 20 amino acids total)
• For example, six different codons specify the
  amino acid leucine, and six others specify
  arginine.

17
 The Genetic Code
18
Check for Understanding

• List the three main types of RNA.
• What happens during transcription?
• What happens during translation?
• 4. Describe the three main differences between
  RNA and DNA.
• 5. Using the genetic code, identify the amino
  acids that have the following messenger RNA
  strand codes UGGCAGUGC.

19
Protein Synthesis

• Georgia Performance Standards
• Compare and contrast the structure and function
  of
• DNA and RNA
• Explain the role of DNA in storing and
  transmitting
• cellular information

• Essential Questions
• EQ How does the cell make protein?
• EQ Why do you need DNA and RNA?
• EQ What do proteins have to do with the genetic
  traits?

20
Warm-up (Choose one)

• Choice 2 Descriptive Writing
• An RNA molecule is looking for a job in a protein
  synthesis factory, and it asks you to write its
  résumé.
• This RNA molecule is not yet specialized and
  could, with some structural changes, function as
  either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA.
• The résumé you create should reflect the
  qualifications needed for each type of RNA.

• Choice 1 Venn diagram
• Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
• Indicate location, structure, function

21
Formative Assessment Review

• Below, you are given a DNA sequence. Transcribe
  the correct mRNA (codon) sequence. Use the
  genetic code to determine the correct tRNA
  (anticodon) sequence. Translate the correct amino
  acid sequence from the mRNA codon.
• Hints DNA (A-T and G-C)RNA (A-U and G-C)
• The codon codes for the amino acid sequence
• DNA GGG-ATG-CTA-CAT-GCG
• mRNA (codon)
• tRNA (anticodon)
• Amino Acids

22
RIBOSOME GAME

• DNA CTA-CTG-GTG-CTT-CTC-CGA-CGG-CGT-TTA-TTT-CCC-G
  CG-GTG-CTT
• mRNA GAU-GAC-CAC-GAA-GAG-GCU-GCC-GCA-AAU-AAA-GGG
  -CGC-CAC-GAA
• tRNA CUA-CUG-CUC-CUU-CUC-CGA-CGG-CGU-UUA-UUU-CCC-
  GCG-GUG-CUU
• AMINO ACIDS ASP-ASP-HIS-GLU-GLN-GLU-ALA-ALA-ASN-L
  YS-GLY-ARG-HIS-GLU

23
Word Wall

• Deoxyribose sugar
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
• Uracil
• Gene
• Chargoff
• Single stranded
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Double helix
• Termination
• Griffith
• Ribose Sugar

• Protein
• DNA polymerase
• RNA polymerase
• Plasmid
• Chromosome
• mRNA
• tRNA
• rRNA
• Promoter
• Initiation
• Avery
• Hershey Chase
• Prokaryote
• Eukaryote

• Watson Crick
• Rosalind Franklin
• Transformation
• Base pairing
• Nucleotide
• Chromatin
• Histone
• Replication
• Transcription
• Translation
• Codon
• Anticodon
• Phosphate
• Elongation