ANIMAL FORM

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ANIMAL FORM FUNCTION

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• Campbell, 6th ed., Chapter 40 Nancy G. Morris
  Volunteer State Community College

2
Unifying themes from A P

• Correlation between form function
• Functions are properties that emerge from the
  specific shape order of body parts
• Living things have the capacity to respond
  adjust to environmental changes
• 1) over the long term by adaptation natural
  selection
• 2) over the short term by physiological changes

3
Levels of Structural Organization

• There is a structure hierarchy of life
• atoms -gt molecules -gt supramolecules -gt cell
• The cell is the smallest unit of life.
• The hierarchy of multicellular organisms is
• cells -gt tissues -gt organs -gt organ systems

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Function Correlates with Structure in the
Tissues of Animals

• Tissues are groups of cells with a common
  structure and function.
• Cells may be held together by a sticky coating or
  woven together in a fabric of extracellular
  fibers.
• There are five major groups of tissues
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Nervous
• Muscle
• Blood

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Epithelial Tissues

• Simple one layer of cells
• Stratified or striated multiple tiers of cells
• Pseudostratified one layer of cells that
  appears to be multiple because cells vary in
  length.
• Cell shapes are cubodial (like dice), columnar
  (bricks on end), squamous (like flat floor
  tiles).
• Some are specialized for absorption or secretion.
• Some are ciliated.
• The structure fits function simple squamous
  epithelium is leaky is specialized for
  exchange of materials by diffusion. Found lining
  the blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs.

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Connective Tissues

• Characterized by a sparse cell population
  scattered through an extensive extracellular
  matrix.
• Functions to bind support.
• Matrix is web of fibers embedded in a homologous
  substance.
• Collagenous fibers 3 collagen molecules
• Elastic fibers long threads of elastin quick
  resilience.
• Reticular fibers branched w/ tightly woven
• Fabric joining connective adjacent tissues
• Figure 40.3

7
Nervous Tissues

• Nervous tissue senses stimuli transmits signals
  from one part of the animals to another.

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Muscle Tissue

• Muscle is the most abundant of vertebrate
  tissues.
• Consists of long, excitable cells capable of
  contraction.

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Organ systems are interdependent.

• Tissues are organized into organs in all but the
  simplest animals.
• In some organs, the tissues maybe layered (Figure
  40.6).
• Organs are suspended by sheets of mesenteries.
• Heart lungs are suspended in the thoracic
  cavity.
• The thoracic cavity is separated from the
  abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.

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Organ systems are interdependent.

• Several organs with separate functions that act
  in a coordinated way make up an organ system.
• Systems are interdependent an organism is a
  living whole greater than the sum of its parts.

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Bioenergetics

• Animals are heterotrophs that harvest chemical
  energy from the food that they eat.
• Animals exchange energy with the environment.
• As heterotrophs, animals require energy from
  organic molecules synthesized by other organisms,
  (Figure 40.7)

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Energy input (ingestion of food)

• Digestion
• (emzymatic hydrolysis of food)
• Absorption
• (absorption of small energy-containing
• molecules by body cells)
• Catabolism
• (cellular respiration fermentation harvest
  chemical energy from food molecules)
• Some energy stored Some energy lost as
  ATP as heat to surroundings

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Metabolic rate provides clues

• Bioenergetics the study of the balance between
  energy intake and energy loss within an organism.
  
• provides clues as to how an animal adapts to its
  environment.

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Metabolic Rate

• Total amount of energy an animal uses per unit
  time
• Usually measured in calories or kilocalories
• Rate based on
• Amount of oxygen used for an animals cellular
  respiration
• Amount of an animals heat loss per unit of time

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Metabolic Rate

• Every animal has a range of metabolic rates
• Minimal rates support basic life functions, such
  as breathing,
• Maximal rates occurs during peak activities, such
  as all-out running.

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Endo or Ecto?

• Endotherms animals which generate their own
  body heat metabolically
• birds mammals
• Ectotherms animals that acquire most of their
  body heat form the environment
• fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates

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Metabolic Rate vs. Body Size

• There is an inverse relationship between
  metabolic rate and size!
• Smaller animals consume more calories per gram
  than larger ones.
• Correlated with a higher metabolic rate need
  for faster rate of O2 delivery to the tissues.
• Smaller animals also have higher breathing rates,
  blood volumes, heart rates.

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Body Plans External Environment

• Physical support on land depends on adaptation of
  body proportions posture.
• Greater demand for support comes with increased
  body weight.
• Bioenergetics play a big role in load-bearing,
  since crouched posture is partly a function of
  muscle contraction, powered by chemical energy.

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Body size and shape affect interactions with the
environment

• Animal cells must have enough surface area in
  contact with an aqueous medium to allow adequate
  environmental exchange of dissolved oxygen,
  nutrients, wastes.
• Cell size is limited by surface area to volume
  ratio.
• As cell size increases, volume increases
  proportionately more than surface area. SO..

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Body size and shape affect interactions with the
environment

• Some animals have a body plan that places all
  cells in direct contact with their aqueous
  environments
• 1) two layered sac both layers of the body are
  bathed in water (Hydra).
• 2) Flat-shaped body with maximum surface area
  exposed to the aqueous environment. (tapeworms)

21
Body size and shape affect interactions with the
environment

• Complex animals have a smaller surface area to
  volume ratio thus lack adequate exchange area
  on the outer surface.
• 1) They have highly folded, moist, internal
  surfaces for exchange (lungs, gills).
• 2) Circulatory system that shuttles materials
  between specialized exchange surfaces.
  Figure 40.10

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Mechanisms of Homeostasis

• Interstitial fluid
• Fills spaces between cells
• Exchanges nutrients, wastes, gases with blood
  carried in capillaries
• Homeostasis depends on feedback
• 1) receptor detects internal change
• 2) control center processes the info form
  receptor informs effector
• 3) effector provides the response

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Mechanisms of Homeostasis

• As a control system operates the effectors
  response feeds back and influences the magnitude
  of the stimulus by depressing it negative
  feedback (Fig 40.12) OR
• the effector response feeds back and influences
  the magnitude of the stimulus by enhancing it
  positive feedback.(blood clotting)