Animal Form and Function

1
Animal Form and Function
2
Animal Form and Function
3
Animal Form and Function
Structure
4
Animal Form and Function
Structure
Function
5
Animal Form and Function
Structure
Function
Regulation
6
Animal Form and Function
Structure
Function
Regulation

• Bioenergetics.

7
Animal Form and Function

• Structure
• Function
• Regulation
• Bioenergetics

8
Animal Form and Function

• The theory of evolution brings these
• together into a coherent pattern.
• Structure
• Function
• Regulation
• Bioenergetics

9
Animal Form and Function
Anatomy deals with structure Physiology deals
with function Because structure and function are
so interdependent, anatomy and physiology blur
together.
10
Kinds of Tissues

• Epithelial (skin)
• Covers the outside of the body
• Lines body cavities and organs
• Some are specialized for absorption and secretion
• Mucous lubricates and moistens digestive and
  respiratory tracts.

11
Kinds of Tissues

• Shapes of epithelial cells
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Squamous

12
Kinds of Tissues

• Connective tissue
• Loose connective tissue
• Adipose tissue (fat)
• Fibrous connective tissue (ligaments and
  tendons)
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood.

13
Kinds of Tissues

• Connective tissue
• Cells are scattered loosely through an
  extracellular matrix

14
Kinds of Tissues

• Nervous tissue
• Senses stimuli
• Sends signals

15
Body Plans
16
Body Plans
Physical laws constrain the design of organisms
in given environments, leading to convergent
evolution
17
Body Plans
Physical laws constrain the design of organisms
in given environments, leading to convergent
evolution
18
Body Plans
Physical laws constrain the design of organisms
in given environments, leading to convergent
evolution. The use of the words plan and
design need not imply a designer natural
selection alone explains how body plans come to
be adapted to environments.
19
Body Plans
Different body plans allow for organisms of
different sizes
20
Body Plans
Different body plans allow for organisms of
different sizes A single-cell organism must
remain very small.
21
Body Plans
Different body plans allow for organisms of
different sizes A hydra has a sac design,
allowing all its cells to remain in contact with
the environment.
22
Body Plans
Different body plans allow for organisms of
different sizes A flat body plan also allows
all cells to be near the surface.
23
Body Plans
Different body plans allow for organisms of
different sizes A complex body plan allows
animals to emerge from the water.
24
Regulating the Internal Environment
25
Regulating the Internal Environment
Interstitial fluid fills the spaces between cells
26
Regulating the Internal Environment

• Interstitial fluid fills the spaces between
  cells.
• Temperature 37oC
• pH 7.4
• Blood sugar 0.1

27
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
28
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
29
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too hot
30
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too hot
31
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too hot
32
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too hot
sweating vasodilatation
33
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too hot
sweating vasodilatation
34
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too hot
sweating vasodilatation
cooling
35
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too cold
36
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too cold
37
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
too cold
38
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
vasoconstriction no sweating
too cold
39
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
vasoconstriction no sweating
too cold
40
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits
vasoconstriction no sweating
warming
41
Bioenergetics
42
Bioenergetics
Animal
43
Bioenergetics
Animal
food
44
Bioenergetics
Animal
digestion absorption
food
45
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
46
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
47
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
48
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
49
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
50
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
51
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
52
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
53
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
cellular respiration
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
54
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
cellular respiration
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
55
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
cellular respiration
heat
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
56
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
cellular respiration
heat
ATP
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
57
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
cellular respiration
heat
ATP
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
58
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
cellular respiration
heat
ATP
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
work
59
Bioenergetics
Animal
heat
digestion absorption
food
feces
nutrients in body cells
urine
carbon skeletons
cellular respiration
heat
ATP
biosynthesisstorage growth reproduction
heat
heat
work
.
60
Measuring Metabolic Rate
61
Measuring Metabolic Rate
calorimeter
62
Measuring Metabolic Rate
calorimeter
63
Measuring Metabolic Rate
balance studies
64
Measuring Metabolic Rate
balance studies
65
Measuring Metabolic Rate
balance studies
66
Measuring Metabolic Rate
BMR
balance studies
67
Energy Budgets
human
mouse
68
Energy Budgets
human
mouse
69
Energy Budgets
human
mouse
total energy
70
Energy Budgets
human
mouse
total energy energy / kg body mass
71
Energy Budgets
human
mouse
basal metabolism activity temperature
regulation reproduction growth
72
Temperature Regulation
Panting Sweating Bathing Insulation Vasodilation
and vasoconstriction Countercurrent heat exchange
73
Countercurrent heat exchange
35oC
74
Countercurrent heat exchange
35oC
30oC
25oC
20oC
75
Countercurrent heat exchange
35oC
30oC
2oC
25oC
5oC
20oC
10oC
15oC
76
Countercurrent heat exchange
35oC
77
Countercurrent heat exchange
35oC
30oC
20oC
9oC
10oC
9oC
78
Countercurrent heat exchange
33oC
35oC
27oC
33oC
30oC
27oC
18oC
20oC
18oC
9oC
10oC
9oC
79
Review
1 of 6

• Physical laws shape animal form
• Convergent evolution gives different animals
  similar forms
• Every cell must have an aqueous environment.

80
Review
2 of 6
Cells make up tissues which make up organs
which make up systems which make up
organisms.
81
Epithelial tissue skin, coverings, and
linings Connective tissue binds and
supports Muscle tissue contracts with nerve
signals Nervous tissue sends signals.
3 of 6
82
Metabolic rate energy used per unit of
time endotherms have high MR ectotherms have
low MR Energy budget BMR or SMR
activity temperature regulation growth and
reproduction.
4 of 6
83

• Homeostasis
• feedback
• Thermoregulation
• ectotherms vs. endotherms
• conduction, convection, radiation
• insulation, vasodilation, vasoconstriction,
  countercurrent heat exchange
• panting, sweating, bathing.

5 of 6
84

• Negative feedback
• Nervous, circulatory, integumentary
• Acclimitization
• Heat production in cells
• Insulation
• Torpor
• Hibernation, estivation, daily torpor.

6 of 6
.