Nationalism%20and%20Sectionalism

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Nationalism and Sectionalism

• Chapter 3

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Introduction

• The War of 1812 settled nothing internationally.
  But in the U.S., it had a profound psychological
  effect.
• It brought an outburst of American nationalism.
• Andrew Jacksons drubbing of the British at New
  Orleans strengthened Americans confidence in
  their countrys destiny.

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American Nationalism

• Election of 1816 James Monroe
• Madisons secretary of state, James Monroe,
  easily defeated the Federalist candidate and with
  him the Federalist party.
• Election of 1820
• Monroe ran for reelection in 1820 unopposed.
• Monroe 231 electoral votes, John Quincy Adams 1
• End of the first party system

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American Nationalism

• The Era of Good Feelings
• The spirit of postwar harmony became known as the
  Era of Good Feelings.
• Monroe hoped to eliminate political parties and
  operate as the head of the nation rather than a
  party.
• He was the last president of the Revolutionary
  generation.
• Excitement of a new generation

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Foreign Policy Achievements

• Monroes greatest achievements were diplomatic,
  accomplished largely by his talented secretary of
  state, John Quincy Adams, the son of President
  John Adams.
• Adams thought of the U.S. in continental terms
  and sought expansion to the Pacific Ocean.
• In order to do that, Adams had to set the
  boundaries of the land they already had.
  Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

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Foreign Policy Achievements

• Spainhad never recognized the legality of the
  Louisiana Purchase
• Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)set the boundary between
  American and Spanish territory all the way to the
  Pacific. Spain gave up its claim on the Pacific
  Northwest.
• It also ceded Florida in exchange for the U.S.
  assuming 5 million in claims against Spain by
  American citizens.
• Great Britain
• The British abandoned their connections with the
  western Indian tribes and no longer attempted to
  block American expansion to the Rocky Mountains.
• They fixed the 49th parallel as the northern
  boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.
• Agreed to joint control of the Oregon Territory.

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Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• U.S. would not intervene in European affairs
  (something they had already done since
  Washington)
• U.S. would not interfere with any European colony
  already established in the Western Hemisphere
• Europe could not interfere with the Western
  Hemisphere (particularly the new Latin American
  republics)
• Concept of two worlds, each refraining from
  interfering in the others affairs. The
  culmination of the American quest for
  independence and sovereignty. America was now
  isolated from Europe and protected by the British
  fleet.

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American Nationalism

• The United States was now free to concentrate on
  expanding across the continent and on developing
  its resources.
• The End of an Era
• End of foreign threat
• End of Revolution
• Changes in American Society and Economy
• Transportation Revolution
• Westward Expansion
• Growth of Manufacturing
• Sectionalism
• Democratization

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Economic Nationalism

• The U.S. had in many ways won its economic
  independence in the War of 1812.
• First the embargo and then the war itself
  stimulated the growth of manufacturing.
• Before the war, the economy had been tied largely
  to international trade. After the war, the U.S.
  began a transition to a national system of
  markets.
• After the war, the national government sought to
  adopt policies to encourage this economic
  expansion to continue.
• The 2nd Bank of the United States
• A Protective Tariff
• Internal Improvements

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The Trinity of Economic Nationalism

• The 2nd Bank of the United States
• The 1st national bank had closed in 1811 when its
  charter expired, and the result had been
  financial chaos.
• In 1816, Congress chartered, with the consent of
  Madison, the 2nd Bank of the United States for a
  period of 20 years.
• A Protective Tariff
• The Tariff of 1816 set a duty of 20 percent on
  selected goods to aid fledgling American
  industries by raising the price of competing
  foreign goods.
• It was the first tariff intended more for the
  protection of industry against foreign
  competition than for revenue.

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Trinity of Economic Nationalism Internal
Improvements

• For a market economy to become truly national, a
  transportation network linking various parts of
  the nation was essential.
• Roads
• The National Road began in 1811 and connected the
  Atlantic Coast to Ohio and beyond as the
  territory developed. It was the first federally
  financed interstate road network.
• Canals
• The Erie Canal (Built from 1818-1825) ran 364
  from New York City to Buffalo, on Lake Erie. Soon
  other cities built canals. By 1840, the U.S had
  built 3,300 miles of canals.

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Transportation Revolution

• Steamboats
• The U.S. was dependent on river transportation.
  But shipping goods downstream (From Pittsburgh to
  New Orleans took 6 weeks) was easier than
  upstream (New Orleans to Pittsburgh took 17
  weeks).
• Robert Fultons steamship (1807) greatly reduced
  that. A trip from New Orleans to Louisville was
  reduced from 90 to 8 days.
• Railroad
• Developed in the 1830s and were twice as fast as
  steamships.
• Key was laying track U.S. had 13 miles in 1830,
  3325 miles in 1840, and 8879 miles in 1850.
  Railroads eventually dominated all other forms of
  transportation.

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Transportation Revolution

• New forms of transportation had a remarkable
  effect on the market economy.
• From 1825 to 1855 the cost of transportation on
  land fell 95 percent while its speed increased
  fivefold.
• The growth of cities
• The number of city dwellers doubles in
  1820s-1840s
• Commercial agriculture
• Regional specialization (Cotton in the South)

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The Market Revolution

• The Cotton Trade
• In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
• By 1840 the South produced more than 60 percent
  of the world supply, which accounted for almost
  two-thirds of all American exports.

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A Restless Temper

• Population Growth
• Immigration rises after 1830
• The Federal Land Rush
• Speculators help settle western lands
• Geographic Mobility
• The 1850 census revealed that nearly half of all
  native-born Americans lived outside the state
  where they had been born.
• Technological Advances
• The Rise of Factories (Textile)
• Communication (Postal System)

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Panic (Depression)of 1819

• The First Major depression in the nations
  history.
• Cotton prices fell in England, plummeting from 50
  to 75 percent overnight
• As the southern economy collapsed, demand for
  western foodstuffs and eastern manufactured goods
  fell, sending the nation into a severe depression
  that lasted until 1823
• The Panic of 1819 brought to an end the optimism
  that had followed the War of 1812, as the spirit
  of nationalism gave way to conflict.

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Growing Sectionalism

• The nation began to divide into three powerful
  regional blocs North, South, and West
• The Missouri Crisis
• The Missouri Territory applied for admission as a
  slave state in 1819
• It was the first time that the morality of
  slavery was debated in Congress.

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Compromise of 1820(Missouri Compromise)
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Missouri Compromise

• Compromise of 1820 (Henry Clay)
• Missouri was admitted as a slave state.
• Maine was admitted as a free state.
• Slavery was forever prohibited in the remainder
  of the Louisiana Purchase North of the southern
  border of Missouri.
• Sectionalism was only temporarily resolved. The
  Missouri Compromise showed that slavery was a
  divisive issue.