History of Drug Use In Sport

1
History of Drug Use In Sport
2
Ancient Times

• Ancient Olympians drank wine and experimented
  with herbs to enhance performance
• Ancient Roman Gladiators took hallucinogens and
  stimulants to fight fatigue and injury.
• They even feed their horses substances like
  hydromel (alcoholic beverage made from honey) to
  make them run faster.

3
Modern Use

• In the late 19th century athletes
  began to use the coca leaf.
  They would make a mixture
  called Vin Mariani (the wine for athletes) which
  was a mixture of coca leaf extract and wine.
• Coca and cocaine were used because they reduced
  the sense of fatigue and hunger brought on by
  prolonged

4
1900s

• "In 1904 Olympics marathon runner, Thomas Hicks,
  was using a mixture of brandy and strychnine a
  stimulant that is fatal in high doses and nearly
  died. Mixtures of strychnine, heroin, cocaine,
  and caffeine were used widely by athletes and
  each coach or team developed its own unique
  secret formulae. This was common practice until
  heroin and cocaine became available only by
  prescription in the 1920s."

5
First Anti-Doping Rule

• In 1928, the International Association of
  Athletics Federation (IAAF), the governing body
  for the sport of track and field, become the
  first international sporting federation to
  prohibit doping by athletes.

6
Early 1950s

• Amphetamines, which were first used by soldiers
  in WWII became widely used in sports. These drugs
  -- nicknamed la bomba by Italian cyclists and
  atoom by Dutch cyclists -- minimize the
  uncomfortable sensations of fatigue during
  exercise.

7
1958

• Dianabol, the first anabolic
  steroid to gain FDA approval is
  released by Ciba Pharmaceuticals.
• Dianabol was created to maximize the
  strength-building characteristics of testosterone
  while minimizing negative side effects.
• Close to his death in 1983, Dr. Zieglar speaks
  out against his invention and says he wishes he
  had never created the anabolic steroid after
  seeing athletes abuse the drug.

8
Early Deaths

• Danish cyclist, Knut
  Jensen, dies on Aug. 26, 1960
  at the Summer Olympics in
  Rome during the 100km team
  time trial race. His
  collapse, which fractured
  his skull, is initially
  thought to be caused by the
  high temperatures that day.
  His autopsy, however, reveals
  traces of an amphetamine called Ronicol.

9
Early Deaths

• British cyclist Tommy Simpson, dies during the
  13th stage of the Tour de France on July 13,
  1967. The cyclist, whose motto was allegedly "if
  it takes ten to kill you, take nine and win,"
  consumes excess amounts of amphetamines and
  brandy to combat the effects of an illness and he
  continues to ride until his body shuts
  down.Simpson's death creates pressure
  for sporting agencies to take action against
  doping.

10
1967

• Partly in reaction to Tommy Simpson's death, the
  International Olympic Committee (IOC) establishes
  the Medical Commission to fight against doping in
  sports. The Commission is given three guiding
  principles protection of the health of athletes,
  respect for medical and sport ethics, and
  equality for all competing athletes.

11
1968

• "The IOC instituted its first compulsory doping
  controls at the Winter Olympic Games in Grenoble,
  France in 1968 and again at the Summer Olympic
  Games in Mexico City in the same year.
• Banned substances included narcotic analgesics
  and stimulants.
• Although it was suspected that androgenic
  anabolic steroids were being used at this time,
  there was no reliable way to test for them,
  therefore they were not included on the list of
  banned substances.

12
Currently

• In 2008, there were 192 banned performance
  enhancing drugs and methods included in the WADA
  code (World Anti-Doping Agency)
• There have been 21, 849 summer Olympians tested
  with 105 doping cases reported.
• There have 5,264 winter Olympians tested with 13
  doping cases reported.

13
References

• http//sportsanddrugs.procon.org/view.resource.php
  ?resourceID002366 (ProCon.org is a 501(c)(3)
  nonprofit public charity that has no government
  affiliations of any kind. Our purpose is to
  provide resources for critical thinking and to
  educate without bias. We do not express opinions
  on our research projects ("issue websites").