Test%20Review%20-%20Personality

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Test Review - Personality

• Nature Vs. Nurture
• Freud id, ego, superego
• Kohlbergs Moral Development (honors only)
• Adler Birth Order
• Defense Mechanisms (specifics honors only)
• Terms Self-Monitoring Psychological Reactance
  Self-Handicapping Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
  Downward Social Comparison Self-Theory (Carl
  Rogers) Self-Efficacy (Albert Bandura)
  Cognitive Dissonance
• Gender N v. N Androgyny Gender Stratification
  Social Learning Theory Gender vs. Sex Gender
  Roles Baby X Studies
• Twins Movie

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PERSONALITY
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Personality scoring guide

• a 2, b 4, c 6
• a 6, b 4, c 7, d 2, e 1
• a 4, b 2, c 5, d 7, e 6
• a 4, b 6, c 2, d 1
• a 6, b 4, c 3, d 5, 3 2
• a 6, b 4, c 2
• a 6, b 2, c 4
• a 6, b 7, c 5, d 4, e 3, f 2, g 1
• a 7, b 6, c 4, d 2, e 1
• a 4, ,b 2, c 3, d 5, e 6, f 1
• Add total number of points

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• What makes us do things?
• The million dollar question
• Maybe shes born with it. Maybe its
  Maybelline.

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Nature vs. Nurture

• Were you born that way its in your genes
  (nature) or did you become that way because of
  society - family, friends, events etc. (Nurture)

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Nature vs. Nurture

• Probably the most important topic in psychology
  when examining a persons development
• Do we see what we see because of the persons
  genes? (nature)
• Do we see what we see because of the persons
  environment (even before birth)? (nurture)

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Nature or Nurture?

• Nurture
• Environmental factors

• Nature
• Genetic factors/heredity

If it runs in the family WHY?
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Which is it Nature or Nurture?

• - Schizophrenia - Need for Sleep
• - Drug Abuse - Intelligence
• - Optimism - Anxiety/Worrying
• - Depression - Sense of Fashion
• - Alcoholism - Being Outgoing
• - Obesity - Artistic
• Athletic Talent - Homosexuality
• Singing Ability - Sense of Humor

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Another exampleCorrelational Research Gay
Gene?Chance that other sibling is homosexual in
the same family
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4
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• Middle name
• Siblings ( and names)
• Birth place
• Elementary school
• Pet
• Ethnic background
• Hobbies
• Favorite food
• Parents/grandparents names
• Favorite subject
• Future hopes
• Vacation dreams
• Vacations travelled
• Age
• Month/day/year birthday
• Favorite TV show
• Favorite number
• Favorite color
• Pet peeve

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Nature vs. Nurture

• Examined by using kinship studies
• Especially identical twins
• Activity how much that we have in common is
  just coincidence?
• Best way to guarantee the best of nature and
  nurture
• FIRST OF ALL PICK GOOD PARENTS!
• (Good luck!)

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Emotion
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Motivation
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Freuds Famous Threesome ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
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ID Pleasure Principle (baby) Primitive brain
present at birth.
Totally unconscious I want, I want, I want. I
need, I need, I need.
Goal to pursue PLEASURE and satisfy biological
drives
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EGO Reality Principle (executive)
Part conscious/ Part unconscious Develops
around 2-3 years

• Goal to find safe and SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE ways
  of satisfying the ids desires and NEGOTIATE
  between the Ids wants and the Superegos
  prohibitions.

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Superego Moral Restrictions (nun)

• GOAL Applies the moral standards
• and values of your parents
• in satisfying ones wishes.
• POWER GUILT
• Develops around 5 years old (hopefully!)
• Part conscious/
• Part unconscious

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• Buying a car
• Staying on a diet
• Returning the grocery cart
• Cheating
• Doing your homework
• Falling asleep in class
• Getting up in the morning
• Working
• Exercising

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Self-handicapping

• Sabotaging own performance when people are
  afraid of failing an important task, they party,
  get sick, sad etc. in anticipation of a negative
  outcome otherwise wed have to admit lack of
  ability.
• Contributing to failure, then using those actions
  as excuses for failure
• Primitive attempt to protect self-esteem
• I failed but I didnt even try its not my own
  inability.
• Ex.

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Fear of failure
Aim low, kids, that way you wont be
disappointed!
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• Fear of Failure
• Choosing easy, nonchallenging tasks
• Anxiety over performance
• Often accompanied by procrastination and
  self-handicapping
• Works temporarily procrastination DOES reduce
  anxiety for a while
• Low self esteem
• Often a poor motivator since only easy tasks are
  chosen

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Underachievers Fear of failure is key

• Underachievers-have abilities but not motivation
• Three times as likely to be male
• Poor self-concept
• Low self-esteem
• Seen as lazy but its to protect their low
  self-esteem
• Poor peer relations
• Shy
• High incidence of depression

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

• We make our or others predictions come true. We
  live up to (or down to) expectations high or low.
• Ex.

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Downward Social Comparison

• You compare yourself to someone who is of lower
  status to make you feel better.
• Ex.

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Self Theory (Self Concept) Carl Rogers
(1960s)

• Potential for psychological growth. Refers to
  how we see or describe ourselves (how we perceive
  our abilities, personality, characteristics and
  behaviors).
• attitude can be skewed
• POSITIVE self-concept we will tend to act,
  feel, and think optimistically and
  constructively.
• NEGATIVE self-concept we will tend to act, feel
  and think pessimistically and destructively.
• WHO AM I?

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Are you an Optimist or a Pessimist?

• High vs. Low Self-Concept

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• A. half full
• B. half empty

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• A. Beautiful weaving in nature
• B. icky spider web

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• A. an idea
• B. danger

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• A. new day dawns
• B. another day over

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• A. celebrating a holiday
• B. killing trees

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• A. future classic
• B. used car

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• A. holidays are coming and new beginnings
• B. vacation is over

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• A. thumbs up
• B. hitchhiker

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Self Monitoring

• The tendency to change your behavior in response
  to how others perceive you. Are you a social
  chameleon?
• HIGH SM Extrovert - define in your own words
• Examples
• LOW SM Introvert - define in your own words
• Examples

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Self Efficacy Albert Bandura (remember him?)

• Refers to our personal beliefs of how capable we
  are of exercising control over the events of our
  lives.
• LOW SE - Ex.
• HIGH SE Ex.

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Psychological Reactance

• We react against something that tries to restrain
  our free behavior.
• Ex.

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Cognitive Dissonance

• A state of unpleasant psychological tension.
• Ex.

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Kohlbergs Levels of Moral Reasoning

• Preconventional
• based on fear of punishment or the need to be
  obedient.
• Conventional
• guided most by conforming to the standards of
  others we value and laws of society.
• Postconventional
• moral decisions are made after carefully thinking
  about all the alternatives and striking a balance
  between human rights and laws of society. Ex.
  Civil disobedience Rosa Parks
• Ideally adults are at here but a lot of people
  never even leave stage 1!

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Alfred Adler

• Birth Order would you be different if your
  birth order were different?
• The role of the family in the development of the
  individual is emphasized.
• Family history is emphasized
• Not mentally sick theyre just discouraged and
  have mistaken beliefs we control our own
  lives.

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Thematic Apperception Test

• Personality test
• Subject makes up a story about people in a
  picture
• Used to score many different personality
  variables need for achievement is only one
• Difficult to score reliably because theyre so
  subjective

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Gender
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• wkst
• GENDER STRATIFICATION - males and females
  unequal
• access to power, prestige and property on
  the basis of their sex.
• No matter what our social class, age, racial or
  ethnic classification, we are labeled MALE or
  FEMALE guides our behavior in everyday life and
  determines power and privilege.
• GENDER ROLES refer to behaving and thinking in
  expected ways because one is male or female.
  Initially established during childhood (2-5) and
  adolescence, these roles are shaped by the
  expectations and pressures of PARENTS, PEERS,
  MEDIA and SOCIETY.
• GENDER vs. SEX - You inherit your sex but you
  LEARN your gender through socialization.
• Gender varies from one society to another, for it
  is what a group considers proper for its males
  and females. Many people take gender roles
  seriously and get upset if others stray from the
  traditional roles.

GENDER
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• Wkst Knowledge of gender roles develops in many
  different countries. Ideas of gender - and
  resulting male-female behavior - vary greatly
  from one culture to another.
• The sociological significance of gender is that
  it is a device by which society controls its
  members.
• SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - soon after the infants
  birth, parents or caregivers expect, treat and
  reward different kinds of behaviors in boys than
  in girls - this contributes to different gender
  roles.
• Being masculine or feminine is not innate
  (nature) it is learned (nurture)
• Buying toys boys (more fun, creative, and
  learning centered)/ girls (more passive, less
  creative)
• Boys encouraged to act out more than girls and
  girls encouraged to talk more than boys. Parents
  reward or discourage behaviors depending on
  whether they match traditional gender roles
• Parents more likely to use disciplinary measures
  on boys (makes them tougher) and are more
  likely to show warmth toward and encourage
  dependence in girls.

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Baby X Studies wkst

• Parents treat the child differently and as a
  result they act differently.

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• Traditional Feminine gentle, affectionate,
  weak, emotional, appreciative, excitable,
  softhearted, meek and submissive
• Masculine strong, aggressive, dominant,
  disorderly, coarse, adventurous, independent and
  ambitious
• Contemporary You can possess both masculine and
  feminine traits at the same time
• Best of both worlds!

ANDROGYNY
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• Androgyny
• preferred masculine and feminine traits can be
  present in the same individual (stereotypical
  male trait of assertiveness and stereotypical
  female trait of sensitive). Function better in a
  wider variety of situations than gender-typed
  people do - more flexible and are capable of
  being feminine or masculine when the situation
  calls for it. Being androgynous is associated
  with being mentally healthy. Androgynous and
  Masculine have higher self-esteem.