Urbanization, Centripetal and Centrifugal Movements

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Urbanization, Centripetal and Centrifugal
Movements

• AP HUG

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PART 1 URBANIZATION
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What is a City Bell Ringer

• The article talks about the idea that cities have
  both positive and negative characteristics.
• In your notebook, make a list of the following
• The positive aspects of Chicago
• The negative aspects of Chicago

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Bell Ringer Make a list of 5 valid claims
relating to patterns of urbanization you can see
in the map
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The Process of Urbanization

• Urbanization the process by which an increasing
  percentage of a countrys population comes to
  live in towns and cities. It may involve both
  rural-urban migration and natural increase.

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Causes of urbanization

• Rural to urban migration
• Natural Increase

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Rural urban migration

• Rural to urban migration result of push and
  pull factors

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Push and pull factors
Push factors Pull factors
Difficult/harsh climate eg. droughts Chance of a better life
Struggle to provide food for family Better housing and amenities
Very low income Chance of good jobs higher wages, more varied employment
High rates of population growth have put pressure on natural resources such as water/energy/land Better medical/health care
Cant afford to fertilizers to increase yields Children able to go to school
Mechanization of farming favors rich farmer and leads to unemployment or underemployment of poor farmer.
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Natural increase

• The people that migrate into towns and cities
  tend to be young resulting in high levels of
  natural increase
• high of young adults high levels of births
• Falling death rates due to improved medical care
  means more babies are born than people dying,
  further increasing the urban population

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urban population
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World Urban Population
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Elbow Partner Discussions

• Using the last two data slides, discuss this
  question
• Why are there higher rates of urbanization in
  developing nations compared to developed nations?
  

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Urbanization and Wealth Data Analysis Activity
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Graphing Global Urbanization Activity

• Step 1 Take 5 minutes to read/annotate data set.
  Be sure to read definition of agglomerations for
  notecards!
• Step 2 In elbow partners, answer the following
  questions
• How many urban agglomerations had a population
  greater than 10 million in 1950? Where were these
  urban areas?
• Describe the changes in the number and location
  of urban agglomerations in 1975, 2000, and 2010.
• What changes does the UN project for 2025?

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Graphing Global Urbanization Activity

• Step 3 Graph the Data.
• Create a comparative bar graph showing bars for
  each of the following continents (N. America, S.
  America, Europe, Asia, Africa) and different
  colors for each time period in the handout
• Y axis will be number of urban areas in each time
  period in each continent

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Graphing Global Urbanization Activity

• Step 4 Analyze the data. In one paragraph,
  answer the following prompt using data from your
  graph as your evidence.
• Describe the changing patterns of urbanization
  from 1950-2025.

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PART 2 CENTRIPETAL MOVEMENTS
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Centripetal Movements involve the migration of
people into towns and cities
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Urban Processes can be seen as inward and outward
movements
Inward Movement (Centripetal) Rural to urban
migration, gentrification, re-urbanization, urban
renewal
Outward Movement (Centrifugal) Suburbanization,
urban sprawl, counter-urbanization
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Rural Push Factors

• High rates of population growth have put pressure
  on natural resource such as water and energy and
  reduced the size of land holdings
• New farming technology favors the rich farmer,
  but for others it leads to unemployment or
  underemployment
• Migration for work is often the only option
• (See complete list of rural push factors in
  yesterdays notes)

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Urban Pull Factors

• Higher wages
• More varied employment
• Educational opportunities
• (See complete list in earlier notes)

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The Consequences of Urbanization

• Economic Growth
• Urban economies are almost always more productive
  than rural ones
• Industrial productivity is higher in cities.
• Cities are usually responsible for a greater
  percentage of total GDP

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The Consequences of Urbanization

• Gentrification
• The Reinvestment of capital into inner-city
  areas.
• Improvement in residential areas
• It is a type of filtering that may lead to the
  social displacement of poor people (as a place
  becomes gentrified, housing prices rise and the
  poor are unable to afford it often times
  minorities)

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The Consequences of Urbanization

• Re-urbanization (urban renewal) the development
  of activities to increase residential population
  densities within the existing built-up area of a
  city.
• This may include the redevelopment of vacant land
  and the refurbishment of housing and the
  development of new businesses.

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The Consequences of Urbanization

• Brownfield Sites abandoned or underused
  industrial buildings and land, which may be
  contaminated but have potential for redevelopment

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Centrifugal Movements
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Centrifugal Movements

• Also known as Decentralization
• The outward movements of a population from the
  center of a city towards its edge or periphery,
  resulting in the expansion of a city.

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Suburbanization

• Suburb a residential area just outside the
  boundaries of a city.
• Suburbanization the outward growth of towns and
  cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural
  areas. This may result from the out-migration of
  population from the inner urban areas to the
  suburbs.

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Urban Sprawl

• The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion
  of an urban area into the surrounding
  countryside. It is closely linked with the
  process of suburbanization.
• Good examples of Urban Sprawl include Mexico City
  
• http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2401975/Am
  azing-aerial-photos-Mexico-City-natural-boundaries
  -stand-way.html

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Exurbanization

• Exurbanization refers to the process in the 1990s
  when upper class city dwellers moved out of the
  city, beyond the suburbs, to live in high-end
  housing in the countryside.

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Counter-Urbanization

• A process involving the movement of populations
  away from inner urban areas to a new town, new
  estate, commuter town or village on the edge or
  just beyond the city limits or rural-urban
  fringe.
• Characteristic of wealthy cities in MEDCs
• It is a response to increasing stress of
  overcrowding, congestion, pollution and crime.

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Reasons for counter-urbanization

• Increased car ownership
• Increased wealth
• De-industrialization
• Relocation of industry/employment to rural urban
  fringe
• Desire for safe, pleasant environment, the rural
  ideal/utopia
• Perception of urban areas as dangerous, high
  levels of crime, racial/ethnic problems white
  flight
• Change in tenure from public/renting to private
  ownership. Sell property and move out.

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The Consequences of Centrifugal Movements

• Centrifugal movements involve a shift of
  population and economic activity from the center
  of the urban area to its periphery and beyond,
  which is detrimental to the center.
• Construction of roads and buildings destroy open
  space and increases air pollution

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Response to Consequences

• Urban Planners have focused on ways of reviving
  the urban center(urban renewal/gentrification)
  and restricting new construction in urban
  hinterlands
• Hinterlands the zone surrounding a city