The Americas on the Eve of Invasion

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Chapter 11

• The Americas on the Eve of Invasion

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Teotihuacán and Mayan controlMaya collapsed in
the 8th century-replaced by the Toltecsbuilt a
large empire in Central America
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Toltec heritage-commercial influence into the
American SW and into the Mississippi and Ohio
River valleysaround 1150-replaced by the Aztec
(Mexica)
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Areas of the Aztec and Mayan Empires
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Came into the region in force in the 14th century
and centered their civilization in what is now
central MexicoCities of Tenochtitlan and
Tlatelolco founded in around 1325
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Society centered on the clanvery militant and
warlikefelt they were a people chosen to serve
the gods-human sacrifice very important
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Sacrificial Altar
Aztec Calendar
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Military class supplied war captives to be
sacrificedby the time of Moctezuma II the ruler
had both civil and religious power
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Religiongods of the natural and spiritual world
were the same. Numbered in the hundredsboth male
and female
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3 main divisions1) fertility, agriculture,
maize and water2) creators-Tezcatlipoca-god of
the night sky3) warfare and sacrifice-Huitzilopoc
htli-sun god (gained strength from human sacrifice
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Huitzilophtli
Quetzalcoatl-civilization and learning
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god of agriculture
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Had a fatalistic view of history-the world had
been destroyed before and would be destroyed again
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Tenochtitlan-the Foundation of Heavena sacred
cityby 1519 covered 5 square miles and was home
to 150,000 people connected to the mainland by 4
causeways
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Map of Tenochtitlan-possible drawn by Cortez
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The economy-centered around feeding the
peoplegovernment was a confederationconquered
people lost their land and had to pay the Aztecs
in food
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Built chinampas-floating islands-in the lakes to
grow food oncould raise multiple cropspeasants
supplied the food and worked on the buildings
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Economy was state controlled-tribute, markets,
commodities, use, and distribution of goodRead
249-250 document and answer questionsRead
246-252 for tomorrowdo map work assignment
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Aztec society became more and more hierarchical.
The calpulli organization survived, but social
classes began to appear
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Calpulli organization-clan rule. Residential
groups distributed land and provided labor and
warriors
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New social classesnobles (pipiltin)priesthood
militaryscribesartisanshealersworkerscommoner
s
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Womennumerous roles in society work in the
fieldskeep the householdweavingelders
trained young girlsmarriages arranged
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Nobles polygamousCommoners monogamouswomen
could inherit propertyworked many hours due to
no milling technologybut men ruledpopulation
got up to about 25 million
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Each city was ruled by a chosen nobleThe ruler
of Tenochtitlan was supreme (the Great
Speaker)Had a set court and a prime
ministerthe nobility and the emperors were the
true power
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The military and the virtues of the military
became more important than religionLocal rulers
were kept in place to collect tributeIf city
states did as they were told, they were left alone
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Allowed the Aztecs to dominate without having to
take control of a territoryhowever, this would
help the empire fall
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Tribute served both an economic and political
functionconcentrated power and wealth in the
capitalRevolts against tribute were dealt with
harshly by the Aztecs
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Aztec Hairstyles
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Human Sacrifice
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Ruins of Tenochtitlan
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Ruins under a church in Mexico City-why there?
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The Inca
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Empire called Twantinsuyustarted as one of many
tribes fighting for supremacy in the high Andean
plains
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First powerful state-Chimor capital city called
Chan Chan
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Quechua peoples around the city of Cuzco won
control of the territory that had belonged to the
Huari people
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1438-under Pachacuti, they began campaigns to
take control of the region
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Topac Yupanqui conquered Chimor and extended Inca
rule from Ecuador to ChileHuayna Capac
consolidated the conquestsempire stretched from
Colombia to Chile and from Bolivia to Argentina
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Reasons for expansion1) economic gain and
political power2) split inheritance (political
power to the rulers successorwealth and land to
the male descendants to support the cult for the
dead leaders mummy
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Political and social life centered around
religionHighest deity-sunruler was the gods
representative on earthstate religion centered
around the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco
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Temple of the Sun
Temple of Fertility
Inca Fort
Inca Wall
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Also worshiped local godsAnimisticworshiped
natural phenomenon
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Inca RuleCapital city was CuzcoEmpire divided
into 4 provinces, under a governorruler
(curacas) ruled by being loyal to the
emperorexempt from tribute and got labor from
subjects
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Sons educated in CuzcoQuechua language, use of
colonists (mitmaqs) and forced transfer of people
integrated the empirebuilt a system of roads,
bridges, causeways and way stations (tambos),
storehouses to help the movement of the military
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Inca Fort
Inca Road
Inca Bridge
Inca road system
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Conquered peoples supplied labor and land, served
in the military, and could be rewarded for new
conquestsAll resources were distributed among
the people, state and religion
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Labor was demanded rather than tributewomen had
to weave cloth and could be taken as concubines
or as temple servantseach community controlled
by the ayllus (clan)
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Most males were either peasants or herders
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Women worked in the household, wove cloth and
worked the farm
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Property passed to both men and womenmen still
dominant because of military virtues
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Gods and goddesses were important in both
sexeswomen tied to the moon, fertility, the
earth and cornrulers wife was the link to the
moon
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Dress helped establish nobility and
privilegestate ran the economy so there was no
merchant class
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Cultural Achievementspottery and cloth,
metallurgyquipa, architecture
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