THE COLD WAR

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THE COLD WAR BEGINS
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The Cold War

• 50 year era of competition between US and USSR
• Opposites in economics, governments and societies
• Both sides try to spread influence under the
  threat of nuclear war creating constant world
  tension

United States
Soviet Union
vs.
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Differing Philosophies

• Believed in democratic forms of government
• Believed economic stability would keep peace in
  the world
• Believed the free enterprise system was
  necessary for economic growth

• Believed in a communistic forms of government
• Believed in workers revolting (striking) against
  business owners and taking control of government
• Revolution would be spread and eventually be
  worldwide

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Soviets take over Eastern Europe
Soviet troops move into Germany near the end of
World War II
As World War II ended, the Soviet army occupied
the countries of Eastern Europe that Germany had
conquered during the war
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The Iron Curtain
Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Bulgaria and East Germany became satellite
nations of Soviet Union

An iron curtain has descended across the
Continent Prime Minister Winston Churchill
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Secretary of State George Marshall toured Western
Europe witnessed widespread homelessness and
famine.
Aid for Europe
Fearing Europeans would turn to communism as an
answer to their economic problems, Marshall
proposed the U.S. help to rebuild Europe, leading
to
Children in a London suburb, waiting outside
wreckage of what was their home
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Marshall Plan
U.S. plan for rebuilding Western Europe, and
repelling communism after World War II
Plan pumped billions of dollars into Western
Europe for food and supplies
Plan made U.S. heroes to people of Western Europe
George C. Marshall
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Marshall Plan aids Western Europe

• The Marshall Plan proved to be a great success
• Within 4 years, countries receiving aid saw a 41
  higher industrial production than on the eve of
  World War II
• Countries were stabilized and exports were rising
  rapidly

Countries receiving aid under Marshall Plan
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Letter from U.S. diplomat George Kennan that led
to the U.S. policy of containment of communism.
Kennan said the Russians were concerned about
invasions from the west and wanted a buffer zone
Russians wanted to spread communism world-wide
U.S. should use diplomatic, economic and military
actions to keep communism contained
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Truman Doctrine
U.S. foreign policy established by President
Truman saying the U.S. would protect democracies
throughout the world
It must be the policy of the United States to
support free peoples who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or outside
pressures -- Harry Truman
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Truman Doctrine
It pledged that the United States would fight
Communism worldwide
Truman Doctrine was an extension to the U.S.
foreign policy set forth in the Monroe Doctrine
(1823) and the Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
American tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine
roll through Turkey
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The Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the
Allied leaders during World War II to decide what
to do with Germany
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Germany Divided

British
After World War II, Germany was divided into four
zones, occupied by French, British, American, and
Soviet troops.
Soviet
French
Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the
multinational area within the Soviet zone.
American
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East and West Germany formed
East Berlin
West Berlin
East Germany
West Germany
In June of 1948, the French, British and American
zones were joined into the nation of West Germany
after the Soviets refused to end their occupation
of Germany.
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In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from
the rest of the world with a blockade.
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Berlin Blockade

• June 1948 Soviets try to squeeze US out of West
  Berlin
• USSR sets up roadblocks
• Nothing allowed in (food or fuel)

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East and West Germany
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The Soviet side of their checkpoint on the
autobahn at Helmstedt.
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Berlin Airlift
President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by
flying in food and other supplies to the needy
people of West Berlin
At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived
daily
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C-47
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Flight Schedule
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Citizens of West Berlin anxiously await another
food drop.
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• Problems
• Jamming of radios
• Search lights
• Buzzing by Russian fighters
• Success
• Allies make 277,000 flights to deliver 2.3
  million tons of supplies
• Soviets lift blockade. West Berlin saved

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Berlin Airlift
The airlift continued for 11 months before Stalin
finally lifted the blockade
The Berlin Airlift saved the people of West
Berlin from falling under Soviet Union control
Soviet blockade of West Germany convinced many
Americans that the Soviets were trying to conquer
other nations
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Buddy System

• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
• US and allies (mostly western Europe) form
  alliance in case of Soviet invasion
• Warsaw Pact (1955)
• Soviets form military alliance after being
  rejected from NATO
• USSR and satellite nations

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Birth of NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Formed in 1949 to protect Western Europe from
Soviet aggression

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The Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Unions response
to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
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House Un-American Activities Committee
Committee set up to investigate Communist
activities in the U.S.
HUAC searched for Soviet spies and Communist
sympathizers.
Are you now or have you ever been a Communist?
House Un-American Committee meeting in 1948
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The Hollywood Ten
People who were accused of being Communists were
often blacklisted
A group of Hollywood actors who were blacklisted
for refusing to answer HUAC questions became
known as the Hollywood Ten

If someone was blacklisted, it meant they were
denied work or ostracized from society
Movie stars Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart
lead a protest during height of Hollywood
Blacklist controversy
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Alger Hiss

• Former State Department official
• Accused of being a Communist

It was too late to charge with espionage, but
Congressman Richard Nixon wanted to pursue
charges. He was convicted of perjury and
sentenced to 10 years. Hiss maintained his
innocence for the rest of his life.
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Julius Ethel Rosenberg

• Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits that he gave
  information to the USSR about the atomic bomb
• Rosenbergs were implicated, tried and convicted
  of espionage
• Only people in the US ever executed for espionage

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McCarran Act

• Said that the Loyalty Review Board did
  not go far enough
• Cannot plan any action that might lead to a
  dictatorship in the US
• Truman vetoes the bill In a free country, we
  punish men for the crimes that they commit, but
  never for the opinions they have.
• Congress overrides the veto

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Loyalty Review Board

• Truman accused of being soft on communism
• Board would investigate government employees
• 3.2 million were investigated, 212 were dismissed

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McCarthyism
In 1952, U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy began holding
Senate hearings
Numerous Americans accused of having ties to the
Communist Party
McCarthy turned the hearings into witch-hunts,
destroying numerous peoples reputations on rumor
and weak evidence
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McCarthyism

• McCarthy was careful to only accuse people while
  in the Senate (immune from slander lawsuits)
• Lost favor during the Army-McCarthy hearings and
  was censured by the Senate in 1954
• Died in 1957
• Have you read The Crucible?

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New Red Scare
U.S. citizens in 1950s feared Communists wanted
to take over the world. This fear was known as
the Red Scare.
This Red Scare was similar to the one in the
1920s after the communist revolution in Russia.
Both threatened the civil liberties of American
citizens.
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Red Scare contd.
In God We Trust becomes official motto of the
U.S. to distinguish from USSR which was an
atheist state.
To fight against communist infiltration, Truman
will create the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA). It specializes in espionage, sabotage and
subversion
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ARMS RACE
U.S. developed the Atomic Bomb in 1945. Soviets
developed one in 1949.
The superpowers spent huge amounts of money to
develop more more powerful weapons. This raised
fears the superpowers might begin a conflict that
would destroy the world.
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Nuclear Weapons Who Has What? NUCLEAR WARHEAD
STOCKPILES 1945-1995 (NOTE Totals are estimates)
1945 1955 1965 1975
1985 U.S. 6 3,057 31,265 26,675
22,941 U.S.S.R. 0 200 6,129
19,443 39,197 BRITAIN 0 10 310
350 300 FRANCE 0 0 32
188 360 CHINA 0 0
5 185 425
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Arms Race
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Arms Race

• Hydrogen bomb (700x as powerful) US54, USSR55
• Mutual assured destruction
• If 1 side attacked -gt
• the other side would retaliate -gt
• both sides annihilate each other
• Military-Industrial Complex President
  Eisenhower warned of military contractors having
  influence on Congress

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U-2 Incident

• US conducting secret spy missions by flying U-2
  planes over USSR

Col. Francis Gary Powers spy plane was shot down
over Soviet airspace in 1960
Soviets were irate. Incident cools Soviet-U.S.
relations
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Russians launch Satellite Sputnik
The Russians have beaten America into space! They
have the technological edge! This will start the
Space Race
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Impact of Sputnik
Congress
establishes the National Aeronautics and Space
Agency (NASA) to conduct research in rocket and
space technology
Congress also passed the National Defense
Education Act, which provided money for education
and training in science, math and foreign
languages
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The Space Race Begins
In 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin blasted
off into space, making the Soviet Union the first
nation to launch a human into orbit
Kennedy said he wanted U.S. to land a man on the
moon by the end of the 1960s
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The Space Race Begins
On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first
human to step foot on the moon
Thats one small step for man, one giant leap
for mankind. Neil Armstrong
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Nuclear Family

• Unable to control their fates, Americans tried to
  control the family
• Movies, TV, magazines and Advertisements created
  the image of the perfect family
• Most important this was to Conform

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Stereotypical Roles

• Mom Stay at home, Cook, Clean, Always happy
• Dad Work, Provide, Disciplinarian
• Children Perfect attendance, Good grades,
  Grateful, Obey parents

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Nuclear Family Reality

• People couldnt meet the standard
• Moms depressed Dads stuck in jobs they didnt
  value Half of children didnt finish high school
• High rates of alcoholism, illegitimate births,
  divorce
• Lack of minority representation

• 25 of Americans lived below the poverty line