?5? ?? LEARNING

1
?5? ??LEARNING

• Introduction to Psychology
• Depart. Psycho.
• Peking University

2
Garcia et al(1985)??????

• ????????????
• ???????
• ??????,?????,????

3
??????????

• ????
• ??????,????????
• ??????????????
• ??
• ??(??)
• ??!----????
• ?----?????????????

????
????
4
Outlines

• What is learning?
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Cognitive-Social Theory

5
1 What is learning?
6
1.1 Definition

• Learning refers to any enduring change in the way
  an organism responds based on its experience.
• ??????????????????
• ???
• ??????????????????

7
Key Elements of Learning

• A change in behavior or behavioral potential
• A relatively permanent change
• Based on experience

8
1.2 Why is learning important?

• The environment does not stand still
• ?????????
• ????(??????)
• The environment varies(Age, place, culture)
• ????????
• ???????
• Human being--Social animal
• ?????????????????

9
1.3 Sharing assumptions

• Experience shapes behavior
• ??????
• Learning is adaptive
• ?????
• Experimental research on the laws of learning
• ????????????

10
2 Classical Conditioning

• ????(Ivan Pavlov)(1849-1936)
• ????????(Nobel winner)
• ????(Salivation)
• ??(reflex)
• ??(Watson)
• ??????????????

11
2.1 Pavlov Model

• Conditioning Unconditioned reflex
• ??????????(??)
• The organism learns to associate CS with UCS
• UCS, UCR
• CR, CR
• NS,????,?UCS??????...

12
Classical conditioning
??
????
UCS
UCR (CR)
??
????
NS (CS)
13
2.2 Conditioned Emotional Responses

• ????
• ?????,?????
• ????????
• ??
• ???????
• ????
• ???????
• ???

14
Watson Rayner(1920)Little Albert

• ??????????(????) NS
• ??????? UCS
• ????????? UCR
• ????,?????(??)
• ?????????

15
2.3 Conditioned Social Behavior

• ?????????
• ????
• ??(???????)??
• ??????(????????)
• ????(???)
• ?????
• ??
• ??

16
2.4 Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

• ?????????,???????
• ???????????????
• ??(discrimination),??????????

17
2.5 Extinction

• CS???UCS????,??????
• ?,??????
• ????(spontaneous recovery)
• ???????????????

18
2.6 Factors that Affect Classical Conditioning

• Time schedule for CS UCS
• Forward conditioning
• Simultaneous conditioning
• Backward conditioning
• The Individual Learning History
• Higher-order conditioning
• Blocking effect (Kamin, 1969)
• Preparedness to Learn(?????)
• ??gt????,????
• X?gt?????,??? (Garcia Koelling, 1966)

Contingency
19
3 Operant Conditioning

• Edward L. Thorndike Law of Effect
• S-R connection
• ??-????(blind trial-error)
• ?????????????????
• Law of effectgtInstrumental conditioning
• B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning
• ?????????????,??????????????

20
3.1 Operants and Consequence

• Operants
• Emitted/Elicited
• Instrumental conditioning(Thorndike)
• Consequence
• Reinforcement
• Punishment

21
3.2 Reinforcement

• Making the response more likely to recur
• Two kinds of Reinforcement
• Positive Reinforcement
• ????
• Negative Reinforcement
• ????????(?????)

22
3.3 Punishment

• Decreases the probability that a response will
  recur
• Positive Negative Punishment
• Common Problem in Using Punishment

23
????????

• ?????????
• ????????????
• ??????
• ???(??)????????
• (????)
• ??????????????
• ??????(???)

24
3.4 Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous reinforcement schedule
• Partial or Intermittent schedules
• Ratio schedules
• Fixed Ratio
• Variable Ratio
• Interval schedules
• Fixed Interval
• Variable Interval

25
3.5 Factors Affecting Operant Conditioning

• ??????????????
• Skinner(1948)
• ???????
• ??????????
• ??????? stimulus control
• ??????????
• ?????? antisocial personality

26
3.6 Why is reinforcer reinforcing?

• Reinforcers as Drive Reducers
• C.Hull(1943) Drive-reduction theory
• Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
• Conditioned reinforcers
• D. Premack(1965)Premack Principle
• preferred activity as Reinforcement
• The Role of Feelings
• Emotion/sensory experiences
• The behavioral approach system(pleasure)
• The behavioral inhibition system(anxiety)
• ??????????????

27
3.7 The Reciprocity of Social Interactions

• ???
• ????

28
3.8 The Relation between Classical and Operant
Conditioning

• ???? ?????
• ???? ????
• ???? ????
• ????? ?????
• ??NS ??NS

29
3.9 The application of Operant Conditioning

• N. Miller(1978) Biofeedback training
• Behavior shaping and Chaining
• Programmed Instruction

30
The Procedure for Behavior shaping and Chaining

• Reinforcing closer and closer approximations to
  the desired response.
• A sequence of already-established behaviors is
  reinforced step by step.
• ???????
• ??????
• ???????
• ??????????
• ?????????

31
Programmed Instruction

• ????(???????CAI)
• ???
• ?????????
• ??????????
• ???????????
• ???????????

32
??????

• ??(??????)
• ???(?????)
• ??(????????)

33
4 Cognitive-Social Theory

• ??????????
• ??????????????
• ????????????
• ?????

34
4.1 The Role of Cognition
35
Insight

• Gestalt??????
• ??
• ??????
• ???????????????
• ??????
• ??????????

36
Cognitive Map

• Edward C. Tolman(1948)

??------??
??----??(??)----??
37
Latent Learning

• Tolman Honzik(1930)
• ???????????

38
Expectation and Locus of Control

• Julian Rotter(1954,1990)
• ??(Internal locus of control)
• ??(External locus of control)

39
Learned helplessness and Explanatory style

• Martin Seligman(1975)
• Learned helplessness ????
• ?????????????,????
• Explanatory style
• ????(Pessimistic explanatory style)
• ?????,??????????
• (Belt Peterson, 1991)

40
4.2 The Role of Social Learning

• A. Bandura(1963) ???
• Social learning
• Observational learning
• Modeling
• Vicarious conditioning

41
??

• ?????
• ?????

42
Assignment No. 3

• ???????,??????
• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????