Title: Chapter 11 Reproductive Behaviors
1Chapter 11Reproductive Behaviors
2Variations in Sexual Behavior
- Gender identity how we identify sexually and
what we call ourselves - Sex differences Biological differences between
males and females - Gender role refers to the activities and
dispositions that a particular society encourages
for one sex or the other
3Gender Identity
- Most people have a gender identity that matches
their external appearance. - Some people have a gender identity that is
opposite their biological sex.
- Jazz is a transgender child. See her story at
- Link to Video
- (Extra credit opportunity)
4- Psychologists and researchers once believed that
gender identity was learned and more a product of
rearing and experience. - Current evidence strongly suggests that
biological factors, especially prenatal hormones,
play a large role in gender identity.
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6Variations in Sexual Development
- True hermaphrodite someone who has both
testicular and ovarian tissuevery rare - Hermaphrodites individuals whose genitals do not
match the normal development for their genetic
sex - Intersex people are people are intermediate
between being male or female (AKA
pseudohermaphrodite)
7- Video Is It a Boy or a Girl? (1999)
- Link to Video, Part One
- Link to Video, Part Two
- Link to Video, Part Three
8Sex Hormone Endocrine glands
- A chemical that is secreted by a gland, conveyed
by the blood, and affects other organs
- Glands that produce hormones
9Sex Hormones
- Two types of sex hormones include
- Androgens
- Estrogens
- Both sexes have both hormones
10Sex and Hormones
- Androgens are a groups of male sex hormones that
include testosterone - Generally referred to as male hormones because
men have higher levels than women
11Sex and Hormones
- Estrogens include estradiol and others and are
referred to as female hormones because women
have higher levels. - Progesterone is a type of hormone that prepares
the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized
ovum and promotes the maintenance of pregnancy.
12Sexual Differentiation
- Begins with the chromosomes
- At six weeks of development, both sexes have
primitive gonads as well as - Mullerian ducts (precursors to female
reproductive organs-- oviducts, uterus, and upper
vagina) and - Wolffian ducts (precursors to male reproductive
organs--vas deferens and seminal vesicles).
13Sexual Differentiation
- The male Y chromosome includes the SRY gene which
causes the primitive gonads to develop into
testes, the sperm-producing organ. - The developed testes produce the hormone
testosterone. - Testosterone induces the development of the penis
and scrotum. - Females are not exposed to high testosterone
levels and their gonads develop into ovaries, the
egg-producing organs.
14Sex and Hormones
- Sensitive periods are early periods when hormones
have long-lasting effects. - Sexual differentiation depends mostly on the
level of testosterone during a sensitive period. - The human sensitive period for genital formation
is about the third and fourth month of pregnancy.
15Sex and Hormones
- Sex hormones can have the following effects
- Organizing effects- occur mostly at sensitive
stages of development. - -Determine whether the brain and body will
develop male or female characteristics - Activating effects- occur at any time of life and
temporarily activate a particular response.
16Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- XX females cortisol production leads to
overstimulation of the adrenal gland. - Overstimulation of the adrenal gland leads to
extra testosterone production. - The female fetus becomes partly masculinized.
17Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- Research indicates that CAH girls show a greater
preference for boy-typical toys than do other
girls. - During adolescence and early adulthood, they also
show partly masculinized interests. - Sexual interest and activity also differs for CAH
girls as well.
18Androgen insensitivity or testicular feminization
- XY male has the genital appearance of a female.
- Production of androgens remains normal but they
lack the androgen receptor that enables it to
activate genes in a cells nucleus. - Condition occurs in various degrees from a
smaller than average penis to genitals that
develop a female appearance.
- Four siblings with testicular feminization
syndrome (recessive sex-linked allele)
195 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency
- XY males fail to produce an enzyme that converts
testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. - Most look female at birth but a penis develops
during adolescence and puberty. - Most then accept a male gender identity.
- Brain is exposed to testosterone during early
development.
20Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation
- Research suggests that certain brain structures
differ in size between heterosexual and
homosexual men and women, due to the early role
of sex hormones. - Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) an area in the
anterior hypothalamus that is larger in the male
and contributes to control of male sexual
behavior, (e.g., being attracted to a female). - Study of homosexual male brains found that their
SDN was similar to those found in females.
21Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation
- Twin studies suggest genetic factors.
- Probability is highest in monozygotic twins and
lower in dizygotic twins, and even lower in
siblings and adopted brothers or sisters. - Because monozygotic twins can have opposite
sexual orientations, genes are not the only
factor.
22Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation
- Sexual orientation may be influenced by
testosterone levels during sensitive periods of
brain development. - Male animals deprived of testosterone early in
life show sexual interest in other males as
adults. - Female animals exposed to testosterone during
early development show an increased likelihood of
mounting behavior.
23Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation
- Laboratory research has also shown that prenatal
stress can alter sexual development. - Male subjects subjected to either prenatal stress
or alcohol developed male sexual behavior in
addition to female sexual behaviors. - Male subjects exposed to both stress and alcohol
during prenatal development had decreased sexual
behavior.
24Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation
- The probability of homosexual orientation is
higher among men with older brothers. - Results suggest that a mothers immune system may
react against a protein in a son and attacks
subsequent sons to alter development. Prenatal
Influences, p337