Cell Structure and Function

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UNIT 3

• Cell Structure and Function

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Organelle Structures of the Cell

• Organelle Specialized structure of the cell that
  carries out a specific function, organ like.
• The cell is often compared to a factory.
• These organelle structures work to produce a
  product.

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Cell Membrane (Both)

• Composed of several molecules, the most important
  is Lipids, which form a bilayer.
• The cell membrane separates the cell from its
  surroundings.
• It regulates what enters leaves the cell.
• Functions protection and support.

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Cell Wall (Plant)

• Found in Plant, Algae, some Bacteria.
• Is found outside the cell membrane, it actually
  surrounds the cell membrane.
• It is very porous, allows for water, oxygen,
  carbon dioxide and others to pass through it.
• The cell wall is both elastic rigid.
• Functions Protection, Support, Regulation.

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Nucleus (Both)

• Large dark round structure usually in the center
  of the cell.
• Is known as the information center of the cell.
• Sometimes called the brain of the cell.
• Function To direct all activities of the cell
  and store DNA.

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Nucleolus (Both)

• Made up of RNA and other proteins.
• Function To make ribosomes.
• Nuclear Envelope (Both)
• Two layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus,
  Function Acts as border between the nucleus and
  the rest of the cell.
• Chromosomes (Both)
• The DNA of the cell is stored on the chromosome
  inside the nucleus. Shaped like an X.
• The chromosome passes genetic information from
  generation to generation.

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Cytoplasm (Both)

• The space or area between the nucleus and the
  cell membrane.
• Gel or jelly like.
• Function Hold and/or support the organelles.

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Ribosomes (Both)

• Small particles of RNA and protein found
  throughout the cytoplasm.
• Function To make proteins.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (Both)

• Is an internal membrane system.
• Function It is the site where the lipid
  components of the cell membrane are assembled,
  along with proteins and other materials.
• The part involved in making protein is called the
  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, it has ribosomes on
  its surface.
• The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (doesnt have
  ribosomes) stores enzymes used to make lipid
  membranes.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Golgi Apparatus (Both)

• Stack of closely apposed membranes.
• Function It modifies, sorts, and packages
  molecules for cell storage or secretion.

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Lysosomes (Both)

• Small organelles filled with enzymes that act as
  a clean-up crew.
• Function They digest or breakdown lipids,
  carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller
  molecules so that they can be used by the cell.
• They also break down organelles that have
  outlived their usefulness (remove junk that
  accumulates in the cell).
• Many serious diseases can be traced to lysosomes
  that fail to function properly.

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Lysosome
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Vacuoles (Both)

• Saclike structure.
• Function stores (warehouse) materials like
  water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Can be found in many different types of cells
  (large central vacuole in plants, several smaller
  vacuoles in animals).
• Play a major role in Homeostasis.

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Vacuole
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Chloroplasts (Plant)

• It stores food and pigments.
• Function stores chlorophyll(pigment), which
  captures energy from sunlight and converts it
  into energy for the cell.
• May also be called a Plastid.

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Mitochondria (Both)

• Function Converts chemical energy stored in food
  into energy that is more convenient for the cell
  to use. Known as the powerhouse.
• Made of two membranes.
• The inner membrane has many folds to increase
  surface area to improve their function.

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Microfilaments (Both)

• Thread like structure made of protein
• Function Helps in cell movement support.
• Microtubules (Both)
• Hallow structure made up of a protein.
• Function Plays a major role in maintaining cell
  shape and has a role in cell reproduction.

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Centrioles(Animal)

• Microtubule bundles
• Function Plays a role in cellular reproduction

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Cytoskeleton (Both)

• A network of protein filaments that
• Function Helps the cell to maintain its shape.
• It also is involved in movement.

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Cellular Organization

• Cell (Animal)--gt Tissue (Cardiac)--gt Organs
  (Heart)--gtOrgan System(Cardiovascular)--gt
  Organisms (Humans)