Scientific Method

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Scientific Method
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Vocabulary

• Scientific Method -

3
Vocabulary

• Journal a specialized publication
• Science, Journal of Functional Morphology
• Peer reviewed Work is investigated by
  scientists for accuracy and validity
• Inductive reasoning use your observations to
  form a hypothesis
• Every time you throw a ball up it comes down. You
  hypothesize that it will come down every time it
  is thrown up.
• Deductive reasoning use a general truth to form
  an hypothesis
• Newtons Theory of Gravitation says what must
  come up must come down so the ball will come down
  every time.

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Vocabulary

• Independent variable What is being manipulated
  during the experiment
• Dependant variable changes in response to the
  independent variable. Usually the thing being
  measured.
• Control All the other factors in your
  experiment that you try to keep constant.
• Qualitative data observations made with senses
• Quantitative data measurements
• Model a mathematical description on an event

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• Identify the statement below that can
• be answered in a scientific way.
• Apples are more delicious than pears
• Snails are beautiful invertebrates
• Diamonds are the most valuable substance on Earth
• Romaine lettuce is more nutritious than iceberg
  lettuce
• How are scientific questions
• answered?
• By making an educated guess only
• Through observation, testing, and analysis
• By researching the topic and analyzing
  experiments of others
• Through experimentation only

• What is a hypothesis?
• An educated guess
• A natural phenomena
• Something seen of heard
• A scientific experiment
• How are theories developed?
• By making observation with the 5 senses
• Bt thinking of one scientific hypothesis
• Through scientific predictions
• Through many consistent and supportable tests

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• Identify the statement below that is an
• observation.
• Because of the technological innovations in
  fishing, humans have over fished many species and
  so extinctions in the ocean have risen
• If a caterpillar is fed a diet high in milkweed,
  then predators will avoid it as an adult
• Gardenia bushes are very fragrant
• How fast can a cheetah run?
• What is the first step in the
• scientific process?
• Performing research
• Forming a hypothesis
• Surfing the internet
• Making an observation

• Identify the most subjective
• statement below.
• A Dodge Ram pickup gets about 24 miles to the
  gallon
• Hummingbirds are the most beautiful kind of birds
• Seven grams of CuSO4 are needed for this
  experiment
• The swimming pool holds 451 gallons of water
• Which of the following is
• evidence?
• Building a car from a kit
• In 2005, there were 2 million square miles of
  artic sea ice
• By the year 2055, air pollution levels will
  become toxic to humans
• Because moths have an open circulatory system,
  the require warm temperatures for flight

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• Erica wants to test the effect of pH on
• frog eggs. She places some eggs in a
• neutral pH, some eggs in a pH of 3,
• and some eggs in a pH of 11. She will
• observe the tadpoles develop into
• adult frogs and see which group
• develops faster. What is her
• hypothesis?
• Tadpoles develop into adult frogs over a period
  of several weeks
• If tadpoles are raised in a pH of 7 they will
  develop into adult frogs at a faster rate
• Tadpoles raise in a pH of 11 took 10 weeks to
  fully develop
• How does pH affect frog development?
• A model is used to make a
• Hypothesis
• Conclusion
• Prediction
• Explanation

• A judgment based on data gathered
• in an experiment is
• A skill
• A conclusion
• A hypothesis
• An observation
• Large amounts f petrified wood are
• found in northeast Arizona. Using
• inductive reasoning, four inferences
• are made. Which is most reasonable?
• All wood becomes petrified
• A living forest once stood there
• No forests grew in other parts of Arizona
• Wood only becomes petrified in northeast Arizona
• Which of the following is most likely to
• be a peer reviewed journal?
• National Geographic

8

• Use the following
• information to answer the
• questions
• Keisha observes goldfish
• in an outdoor pond. The
• goldfish seem to be more
• active when the weather is
• warm than when it is cold.
• She asks herself, How do
• temperature changes
• affect goldfish?

• If she were to do an
• experiment, which of the
• following would be the best
• hypothesis to test?
• Do goldfish like warm or cold water?
• Goldfish are more active in warm water than cold
  water
• Goldfish live in warm and cold water
• Temperature changes will kill goldfish
• What sort of variable would
• temperature be in Keishas
• experiment?
• Independent
• Dependant
• Control
• Responding

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• A hypothesis is checked
• by
• Research in journals
• Making A prediction
• Experimentation
• Researching the internet
• Ryan noticed that his cola loses
• its carbonation as it warms. He
• knows that it is carbon dioxide
• that causes cola to fizz. Ryan
• decides to do a scientific
• experiment to research this
• phenomena. What is the next
• step Ryan should take?
• Ask a question
• Draw a conclusion
• Make an observation
• Form a hypothesis

• Andrika has learned that the hot water
• in her house is always gone by
• 630am. She knows that this is
• because her sisters and mother
• always get to the shower before her.
• She decides to experiment with her
• morning routine to see if she can get
• a hot shower in the morning. Over the
• course of a week, she changes the
• time she gets up, making it ten
• minutes earlier each day. What is the
• dependant variable in this
• experiment?
• The time she gets up
• The volume of hot water her family uses
• The temperature of the water in the hot water
  heater
• The temperature of the water in Andrikas shower

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• Municipal Solid Waste is
• what goes into landfills.
• Basically, it is the garbage
• we put out at the curb. It
• can be divided up by type
• as follows

• What is the best way to
• display this data?
• Circle graph
• Bar graph
• Multiple line graph
• Circle or bar graph
• Which of the following
• phrases contains
• quantitative data?
• Green leaves surround white flowers
• Rickys football jersey is number 85
• Seeds sprout more quickly when it is warm
• Water evaporates at a rate of 2mL per minute

Category Percentage
Rubber, leather and cloth 7.3
Yard trimmings 13.1
Food scraps 11.7
Wood 5.7
Other 3.4
Metals 7.6
Paper 34.2
Plastics 11.9
Glass 5.2
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Scientific Measurement
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Erlenmeyer flask
Graduated cylinder
Tongs
Bunsen burner
Caliper
Pipettes
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• Which of the following is
• used as a source of heat in
• the laboratory?
• Thermometer
• Bunsen burner
• Thermostat
• Gasoline
• Which has specific
• markings for measurement
• and is used to accurately
• measure liquid volume?
• Test tube
• Beaker
• Ruler
• Graduated cylinder

• Which of the following pieces of
• equipment is used to handle
• liquids but is not intended for
• accurate measurement?
• Beaker
• Test tube
• Erlenmeyer flask
• All of the above
• If you were instructed to heat
• something on the Bunsen
• burner, you would need to set
• your container on a _____ to
• hold your container over the
• burner.
• Watch glass
• Hotplate
• A piece of wire gauze held by a tripod
• Petri dish

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• Which material would you
• use a caliper to measure
• the width of?
• A cube of Jello
• A cube of sugar
• A cube of butter
• A pea
• Which piece of equipment
• would be most appropriate
• for determining the mass
• of a lead brick?
• A beaker
• A analytical balance
• A triple beam balance
• A hot plate

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Cells and Cellular Transport

• All living things (organisms) share the following
  characteristics
• Cells
• Response to stimuli
• Growth
• Homeostasis
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
• Adaptation

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Vocab

• Cells Basic unit of life that makes up all
  living things
• Multicellular many cells
• Unicellular one cell
• Homeostasis Ability to maintain a stable
  internal environment suitable for life.
• Reproduction Organisms can reproduce either
  sexually or asexually
• Sexual 2 organisms create offspring
• Asexual one organism can create offspring on
  its own
• Metabolism sum of all chemical reactions within
  an organism. (A way to extract energy from the
  environment)

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Life Processes

• Nutrition
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Transport
• Biosynthesis
• Secretion
• Respiration
• Excretion
• Response
• Reproduction
• Photosynthesis

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• Which is NOT a characteristic of life?
• Reproduction
• Homeostasis
• Sensitivity
• Transport
• Which of the following is an example
• of how organisms maintain
• homeostasis?
• A damaged skin cell dividing into newer skin
  cells
• A human shivering in the cold weather
• A crow learning to retrieve a food reward in a
  laboratory experiment
• Finches in the Galapagos developing different
  types of beaks

• A runner eats a large pasta dinner the
• night before a big race. In this
• example, which characteristic of life is
• the runner using to help her win the
• race?
• Digestion
• Homeostasis
• Sensitivity
• Metabolism
• How are life processes different from
• characteristics of life?
• Life processes are the specific actions that help
  organisms maintain characteristics of life
• Characteristics of life are the specific actions
  that help organisms maintain life processes
• Only organisms that show characteristics of life
  carryout life processes
• Life processes and characteristics are the same

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Cell Theory

• All living things are made of cells
• All cells come from other living cells
• Cells are the basic unit of living things
• Cellular Hierarchy
• Cells (Heart Cell)-gt Tissues (Cardiac tissue) -gt
  Organs (Heart) -gt Organ system (Circulatory
  system)

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Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Bacteria
• Smaller
• No nucleus loose DNA
• No membrane bound organelles
• Only have
• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• Ribosomes
• Loose DNA
• Cytoplasm

• Animal and Plant
• Larger
• Nucleus
• Membrane bound organelles

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Plant cells vs. Animal cells

• Cell wall
• Large vacuole
• Chloroplasts
• No centrioles

• No cell wall
• Small vacuole
• No chloroplasts
• Centrioles
• Lysosomes

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Organelle Functions

• Cell Wall Rigid, provides shape and support
• Chloroplasts photosynthesis
• Vacuoles food and water storage
• Cell membrane allows some molecules in while
  keeping others out
• Golgi bodies packaging and distribution
• Mitochondria make energy, cellular respiration
• Mirofilaments/tubules Move cell parts
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Transport of
  proteins
• Nucleolus makes ribosomes
• Nucleus holds DNA
• Nuclear Envelope surrounds nucleus and has
  pores
• Ribosomes make proteins
• Centrioles Used in cell reproduction
• Lysosomes Sac with enzymes for digestion
• Cilia/ Flagella Movement
• Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance organelles are
  floating in

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• The mitochondrion of the
• cell
• Has only one membrane
• Has no membrane
• Is circular
• Is where cellular respiration occurs
• Ribosomes
• Are the site of protein synthesis
• Are made by other ribosomes
• Have their own DNA
• None of the above

• A(n) ________ is a group of
• different tissues that work
• together to perform a certain
• function.
• Organ system
• Organ
• Cell
• Organelle
• Structures that support and
• give shape to plant cells are
• Microbodies
• Golgi bodies
• Nucleus
• Cell walls

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• Which of the following is
• part of the cell theory? All
• cells
• Are eukaryotic
• Are prokaryotic
• Have nuclei
• Come from other cells
• The storage of hereditary
• information in a eukaryotic
• cell is in the
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Centrioles
• Lysosomes

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Cellular Transport

• Solutions a liquid mixture of solute and
  solvent
• Solute something being dissolved
• Solvent What it is being dissolved in

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Cell membrane

• Semi-permeable
• Phosphate heads

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Passive Transport

• Does not require energy
• Molecules move from a higher concentration to a
  lower concentration
• Three kinds
• Osmosis Molecules move from an area of high
  concentration to an area of lower concentration
  in WATER
• Diffusion molecules move directly through the
  cell membrane
• Facilitated Diffusion Larger molecules need the
  help of a carrier protein

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• Hypertonic solution has higher concentration of
  solutes
• Isotonic has equal amounts of solutes
• Hypotonic has lower concentration of solutes

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Active Transport

• Moves against gradient (From low to high
  concentration)
• Uses energy (ATP) and proteins
• Types
• Endocytosis uses vesicles to bring substances
  into the cell
• Exocytosis Uses vesicles to remove substances
  from the cell

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• The movement of
• substances into and out of
• a cell without the use of
• energy is called
• Active transport
• Passive transport
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis
• The movement of water across
• a semi-permeable membrane
• from an area of high water
• concentration to an area of low
• water concentration is called
• Active transport
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Hypotonic

• A cell placed in a solution
• shrinks by the process of
• osmosis. What kind of solution
• is outside the cell?
• Hypotonic
• Hypertonic
• Active
• Isotonic
• If the solution surrounding a cell
• has a lower concentration of
• solutes than inside the cell,
• water will move into the cell
• through osmosis, causing it to
• expand. What kind of solution is
• surrounding the cell?
• Active
• Passive
• Hypertonic

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• In order to be classified as
• living, an organism must
• have
• A heart and lungs
• The ability to nourish itself, grow and reproduce
• The ability to photosynthesize and to eliminate
  waste products
• A true nucleus and nuclear membrane
• If a cell has a flagellum on its
• surface, it is
• An animal cell
• A plant cell
• A viral cell
• A diseased cell

• ________ are the main
• products produced in a cell
• Lipids
• Amino acids
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• A _______ is a type of cell
• that has a true nucleus
• Prokaryote
• Eukaryote
• Bacterium
• Virus

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• If a plant cell is placed in distilled
• water, it will
• Remain the same size
• Shrink
• Swell and eventually explode
• Swell, but stop when the cell wall prevents
  further expansion
• When you perspire on a hot, humid
• day, drinking water will restore
• ______ in your body.
• Substances
• Oxygen
• Homeostasis
• Proteins
• The process by which food is taken
• into the cell is called
• Nourishment
• Resuscitation

• The ability of the cell to rid itself
• of waste products is called
• Excretion
• Elimination
• Voiding
• Absorption
• Two structures found in plant
• cells that are not in animal cells
• are the
• Mitochondria and ribosomes
• Cell wall and plastids
• Cell membrane and centrioles
• Nucleolus and endoplasmic reticulum

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• When more water goes in through a
• cell membrane than out of it, the
• solution around the membrane is
• Isotonic
• Hypotonic
• Permeable
• Hypertonic
• Amoebas obtain food by wrapping
• the cell membrane around the food
• particle, creating a vesicle. The food
• is then brought into the cell. This
• process is called
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis
• Osmosis
• Photosynthesis

• Which organelle is the site of protein
• synthesis?
• Plastid
• Ribosome
• Nucleolus
• Mitochondrion
• Groups of cells that perform the
• same function are collectively
• known as
• Plastids
• Tissues
• Organs
• Molecules
• Prokaryotic cells have no
• Nucleus
• Energy exchange
• Cell membrane

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Organic Molecules
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Chemistry of the Cell

• Element - type of matter made of only on kind of
  atom, can not be broken down into simpler
  structure
• Common elements Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen,
  Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen (SPONCH)
• Organic molecule contains carbon, carbon is in
  ALL living things
• Inorganic molecule Molecules without carbon

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Bonds

• Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms
• Covalent bonds sharing electrons
• Ionic bond attraction through opposite charges

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Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
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C-C bond is non-polar covalent
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Four Main Types of Organic Compounds

• Polymers
• Carbohydrates
• Polysaccarides
• Sugars, Cellulose, Starch
• Lipids (Fats)
• Waxes, Steriods, Trigycerides
• Proteins
• Polypeptides
• Nucleic acids
• DNA,RNA

• Monomers
• Monosaccarides
• glucose
• Fatty acid
• Amino acids (20 kinds)
• Nucleotides

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Testing for Organic Compounds

• Glucose Bennedicts - Turns orange
  with heat
• Starch Iodine or Lugals Turns Blue
• Lipids Brown paper bag Grease present
• Proteins Buirets - Turns purple

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• What molecules make up
• the bulk of a cell?
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Water
• Carbon is important to
• living things because
• It metabolizes easily, creating a quick energy
  source
• It is abundant on the Earths surface
• It can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
• It has 12 protons and neutrons

• Nucleotides are to nucleic acids
• as amino acids are to
• DNA
• Polypeptides
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates

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Characteristics of Water

• Polar Covalent Bonds A covalent bond where one
  atom pulls the electrons closer to it than the
  other

-

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Energy

• Free Energy the energy available to do work,
  stored in chemical bonds
• ATP Adenosine triphosphate breaks down into ADP
  (adenosine diphosphate)
• Cellular respiration The process of breaking
  down glucose to release the energy in its bonds

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Catalysts and Enzymes

• Activation Energy
• Amount of energy
• needed to start a
• reaction
• Catalyst Speeds up a chemical reaction by
  decreasing the activation energy
• Is not changed
• Can be reused

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Enzymes

• Specific proteins that combine with substrates to
  break them down quickly in living organisms.
• A catalyst
• End in ase Ex Lipase, Maltase, Amylase

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Factors That Effect Enzymes

• pH
• Temperature
• Enzyme concentration
• Most enzymes have an optimum point for
  temperature and pH
• This is the point where the enzyme works best
  (fastest)

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Denature
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• ATP stands for
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Adenine triphosphate
• A triphosphate
• None of the above
• What are enzymes?
• Catalysts used by living things
• Catalysts used in all reactions
• Chemicals used to increase activation energy
• Fats used by living things to help speed up
  chemical reactions

• What type of bond is the result
• of unequal sharing of
• electrons?
• Non-polar covalent bond
• Polar covalent bond
• Ionic non-polar bond
• Ionic polar bond
• Organic molecules most often
• form using which type of bond?
• Ionic bonds
• Covalent bonds
• Polar ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds

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Photosynthesis
LIGHT

• Takes place in chloroplasts (plastid) Goal of
  photosynthesis is to make complex carbohydrates
  like glucose, starch, and cellulose
• 2 stages
• Light-dependant - on the thylakoid membrane
• Light-independent (Calvin cycle) In the stroma

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Light-Dependant

• Sunlight hits plant and is absorbed by pigments
  (Chlorophyll)
• Electrons get excited and go through electron
  transport chain
• Water is split to get H and Oxygen is a waste
  product
• Makes ATP and NADPH (used in light independent
  reaction)

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Light-independent Reaction

• Uses ATP and NADPH
• Carbon dioxide enters the system
• Makes glucose by turning the Calvin cycle and
  extracting energy from the ATP (turning it into
  ADP) and H from NADPH (turning it into NADP)

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Cellular Respiration

• Process of breaking down food to get energy
• Used by plants animals and some bacteria
• 2 kinds
• Aerobic when oxygen is present
• Anaerobic when oxygen is absent

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Aerobic Respiration

• 3 phases
• Gycolysis (in cytoplasm) breaks down glucose to
  make Pyruvic ATP and NADH
• Krebs cycle (in mitochondria) - take pyruvic and
  put it into the cycle, cycle produces 2 ATP's, 8
  NADH's, 2FADH2's and carbon dioxide
• Electron transport - creates a gradient which is
  used to produce ATP, produces 32 ATP's
• Makes 36 ATPs total! Most Efficient!

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Glycolysis
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Krebs Cycle
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Electron Transport Chain
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Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation

• Breakdown of sugar without oxygen
• Muscle cells, fungi, and some bacteria (yeast)
• Start with glycolysis and then either make
  alcohol or lactic acid

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• What form of energy is
• used by cells?
• Enzymes
• Cofactors
• ATP
• DNA
• The process of releasing
• energy from the chemical
• breakdown of compounds
• in a cell is
• Hesitation
• Expiration
• Elimination
• Respiration

• What is released when ATP is
• broken down into ADP and one
• phosphate?
• Oxygen
• Water
• Energy
• Hydrogen
• The Krebs cycle and the
• electron transport chain phases
• of cellular respiration take place
• in which organelle?
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosome
• Mitochondrion

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• The process by which
• energy from the sun is
• used to create glucose
• molecules is known as
• Cellular respiration
• Photosynthesis
• Chemosynthesis
• Fermentation
• How does a plastid
• function within a cell?
• Digest food and break down wastes
• Produce proteins
• Carry on cellular respiration
• Carry out photosynthesis and provide color

• What do complex
• carbohydrates break down
• into?
• Enzymes
• Amino acids
• Simple sugars
• ATP
• Which of the following
• biomolecules are fat molecules
• that store energy?
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic acids
• Lipids

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• Which of the following
• elements can be found in
• all living and previously
• living organisms?
• Helium
• Sulfur
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Which biomolecule is a
• polymer assembled from
• some combination of the
• 20 amino acids?
• Lipids
• DNA
• Protein
• Nucleotide

• Which proteins in the cell speed
• up chemical reactions?
• Lipids
• DNA
• Enzymes
• Glucose
• Cellular respiration takes place
• inside which type(s) of cell(s)?
• An animal cell only
• A plant cell only
• Both plant and animal cells
• Neither plant or animal cells

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• The chemical energy
• supply for all living cells is
• contained in a molecule that,
• when broken down, releases
• the energy so that it may be
• used for activities such as
• muscle contractions,
• photosynthesis and
• locomotion. Which molecule
• is a storehouse of energy?
• ATP
• DNA
• RNA
• ADP

• To obtain and use cellular
• energy, plant cells use
• which process below?
• Photosynthesis only
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• Cellular respiration only
• Chemosynthesis
• How is cellular energy
• stored?
• Chemical bonds
• Enzymes
• Membrane potential
• Protein shapes

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• Pepsin, a digestive
• enzyme in the human
• stomach, has an optimum
• pH that can be described
• as
• Basic
• Neutral
• Acidic
• Very acidic
• What are the main
• product(s) of the cell?
• Lipids
• Amino acids
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates

• Which of the following foods represents the
• largest source of protein?
• Potato chips
• Oranges
• Chicken
• Cauliflower
• What are the largest carbohydrates called?
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Oligosaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• What chemical is used to test for starch?
• Iodine
• Brown paper bag
• Phenylpthalein
• Sodium hydroxide

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Nucleic Acids and Cell Division

• DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Found in nucleus
• Carried the genetic code for ALL organisms
• Shape double helix

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DNA Structure

• DNA is composed of strands of nucleotides
• A nucleotides is composed of
• 5 carbon sugar
• Phosphate
• One Nitrogen Base
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Thymine
• Cytosine

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Complementary Pairs

• A T
• C G

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Protein Synthesis

• Using genes, which are pieces of DNA that code
  for
• specific proteins, to assemble proteins.
• DNA must be copied in the nucleus of the cell
  into mRNA
• DNA can not fit through the nuclear pore It is
  double stranded while mRNA is single stranded
• The single stranded mRNA leaves the nucleus
  through the nuclear pore and moves to a ribosome
• tRNA carrying amino acids attaches to the
  complimentary bases on the mRNA
• The amino acids form a chain that folds up into a
  protein

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Protein synthesis

• Transcription transcribing DNA into mRNA
• Translation mRNA is translated by tRNA into a
  strand of amino acids or a protein
• Codon 3 nucleotide codon on mRNA
• Anticodon - 3 nucleotide codon on tRNA

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• Protein synthesis begins
• with the manufacture of a
• molecule of
• mRNA
• rRNA
• tRNA
• Nucleotide
• Which of the following is the
• last step in protein synthesis?
• tRNA bonds to an amino acid in the cytoplasm
• The stop codon binds to the ribosome and the
  polypeptide is released
• DNA unravels to expose a gene segment
• mRNA bonds to tRNA

• Proteins are made up of polypeptide
• chains. Polypeptide chains are
• composed of
• mRNA
• rRNA
• tRNA
• Amino acids
• What does transfer RNA carry?
• The mRNA to the ribosome
• The nucleotide bases to the mRNA
• An amino acid to the ribosome
• An amino acid to the cytoplasm
• What are ribosomes made of?
• mRNA
• rRNA
• tRNA
• Nucleotide

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Vocab

• Somatic cells Body cells
• Gametes Sex cells (Egg and sperm)
• Haploid Single set of chromosomes
• 23 in humans
• Diploid Sets of chromosomes
• 46 in humans
• Homologous chromosomes matched pairs
• DNA helicase unzips DNA
• DNA polymerase attaches new nucleotides during
  DNA replication
• Stem Cells- Cells that can produce any kind of
  cell

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The Cell Cycle
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Variation

• 2n number of possible varieties of cells from a
  set number of chromosomes
• Ex A plant cell has 3 chromosomes
• Number of possible varieties 23 or 8

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• All body cells, except the sperm and
• the ova are _____ cells.
• Germ
• Reproductive
• Somatic
• Spindle
• The type of nuclear division that
• produces gametes is
• Meiosis
• Cytokinesis
• Interphase
• Mitosis
• A type of nuclear division that takes
• place in somatic cells is
• Meiosis
• Cytokinesis
• Interphase

• When DNA is in long strands
• prior to coiling, it is in the form
• of
• Chromosomes
• Centromeres
• Chromatin
• Chromatids
• The length of time it takes for a
• cell to complete the cell cycle
• is
• Around 2 hours
• Different for each cell
• The same for each kind of cell
• Around 2 minutes

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• In fertilization, gametes
• fuse to form a(n)
• Embryo
• Somatic cell
• Zygote
• Reproductive cell
• Stem cells are
• Cells that can produce any kind of offspring cell
• Cells that contain stem structures used in
  reproduction
• Haploid cells that can produce any type of
  offspring cell
• Found only in plant cells

• In the DNA molecule, guanine
• pairs with another base called
• Quinine
• Riboflavin
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• What are the long strands of
• DNA made of?
• Elastic rubber bases
• Sugar nucleotides and potassium
• Sugar, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
• Oxygen and nucleotides

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• What are the sections of
• DNA that resemble rungs
• on a latter called?
• Genetic codes
• Reprocessors
• Base pairs
• Lipid pairs
• What does mitosis
• generate?
• Daughter cells identical to the mother cell
• Many reproductive cells
• Diseased cells
• Gametes

• Meiosis is a type of cell division
• that
• Leads to genetic mutation
• Causes deformity
• Is necessary for sexual reproduction
• Causes alleles to deform
• DNA can make exact copies of
• itself. What is this process
• known as?
• Translation
• Duplication
• Replication
• Transcription

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• A type of cellular
• reproduction when the
• nuclear division of somatic
• cells takes place is
• Meiosis
• Cytokinesis
• Interphase
• Mitosis
• When preparing for cell
• division, the chromatin
• condenses and becomes
• which of the following?
• Gene
• Chromosome
• Protein
• Codon

• Which molecule transports the
• code of information from DNA
• to the ribosome?
• tRNA
• rRNA
• mRNA
• An amino acid
• What is the process in which
• paired twin chromosomes
• exchange pieces of DNA during
• meiosis called?
• Crossing over
• Fertilization
• Self pollination
• Replication

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• During translation adenine
• on mRNA will pair with
• which base on tRNA?
• Uracil
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• What is the correct term to
• refer to the number of
• chromosomes in a
• gamete?
• Chromatin
• Haploid
• Heterozygous
• Diploid

• A fruit fly has a haploid number
• of 4 chromosomes. How many
• possible distributions of
• chromosomes can occur in its
• homologous pairs?
• 4
• 8
• 16
• 254

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Heredity - vocab

• Alleles different forms of a gene
• Genotype alleles inherited
• Phenotype the physical expression of the
  genotype
• Complete dominance
• Dominant gene Trait that is expresses if one or
  more allele is present (TT, Tt)
• Recessive gene trait that is expressed only if
  two alleles are present (tt)
• Homozygous two of the same alleles for a trait
  (TT, tt)
• Heterozygous two different alleles (Tt)

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Complete Dominance

• Find the genotype and phenotype for each
• G green g yellow Cross GG with Gg
• H Hairy h bald Cross Hh with HH
• E Ear lobes attached e unattached
• Cross Ee with Ee

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Incomplete Dominance

• Has an intermediate
• Blending of dominant and recessive phenotype of
  the heterozygous genotype
• What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio?

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Codominance

• Both traits show up in the heterozygous genotype

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Multiple Allele Crosses
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Classification

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Carl Linnaeus- Binomial nomenclature
• Homo sapiens

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Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Prokaryotic bacteria living in harsh environments
• Anaerobic
• Classified according to environment
• Thermoacudophiles acidic sulfur springs in
  yellow stone park

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Kingdom Eubacteria

• True bacteria
• Single celled or clustered to form colonies
• DNA in a plasmid
• 3 feeding strategies
• Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs
• Chemotrophs
• Found everywhere, most are harmless
• Make yogurt, cheese, vinegar
• Decomposers
• Asexual reproduction binary fission

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• Which of the following
• groups of categories is
• listed from broadest to
• most specific?
• Family, order, class
• Phylum, class, kingdom
• Order, family, genus
• Genus, family, species
• The two part system used
• to name organisms is
• called?
• Dual identification
• Binomial nomenclature
• Double nomenclature
• Linnaean nomenclature

• Organisms that obtain their
• energy from feeding on living
• organisms, dead organisms, or
• organic waste are
• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs
• Chemotrophs
• Plants

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Kingdom Protista

• Uni and multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like
• Plant-like Algae, Euglenas
• Produce most of the oxygen on Earth
• Animal- like Protozoa (Ameoba)
• Have cilia and flagella
• Reproduction by binary fission
• Some may cause disease ex - malaria
• Some have pseudopods false feet
• Fungus-like Slime molds, mildew
• decomposers

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• All algae are
• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs
• Decomposers
• Ciliates
• Why are algae important?
• They create color on Earth
• They produce the most nitrogen on Earth
• They are decomposers
• They produce most of the oxygen on Earth

• Fungus-like protists are
• Decomposers
• Autotrophs
• Consumers
• Producers

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Kingdom Fungi

• Heterotrophic
• Decomposers or Saprophytes - live in or on matter
  that they decompose
• Sexual reproduction - Reproductive cells are
  called spores produced by the fruiting body (the
  mushroom you see)
• Asexual reproduction Budding (a piece detaches
  and continues to live)
• Mold, yeast, mushrooms, lichen
• Penicillium flavors cheese and is derived into
  Penicillin

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• Fungi secrete enzymes to
• Breakdown materials so that they can absorb them
• Catalyze chemical reactions in the air
• Help photosynthesis take place by activating
  plasmids
• None of the above
• Examples of fungi include
• Dinoflagellates and algae
• Cyanobacteria and monera
• Mushrooms and yeast
• Sporozoa and sarcodines

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Photosynthesis
• Alternation of generations two distinct
  generations
• Gametophyte sexual phase, pollen (hapliod)
• Sporophyte asexual phase, spores (diploid)

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Non-Vascular Plants

• Lack tissues to transport water and sugars
• No true root system
• Ex Bryophytes mosses and liverworts
• Live in moist habitats
• Leaves have cuticle waxing covering to help
  retain moisture

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Vascular Plants

• Have tube-like structures for the transport of
  water and sugars (Vascular tissue)
• Xylem move water from roots
• Phloem move starch and sugar from leaves
• Have a root system

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Seedless Vascular Plants
Fronds

• Ex ferns
• Produce spores
• Need moist environment because they have an
  aquatic stage

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Vascular Seed Bearing

• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

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Gymnosperms

• Non-flowering, produce cones, needle like leaves
• Ex conifers pine trees
• Have male and female cones
• Pollen transported by wind from male cones to
  female cones

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Angiosperms

• Flowering plants, have roots, stems, leaves, and
  seeds
• Deciduous
• Seeds are found in a fruit

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Monocots Vs DicotsBased on the number of
cotyledons the seed hasCotyledons are seed leafs
that provide nutrition to the developing seed

• Dicots
• Two Cotyledons
• Net-veined leaves
• Taproot system
• Floral parts arranged in 4s or 5s
• Ex roses, melons, beans

• Monocots
• One cotyledon
• Parallel veins in their leaves
• Fibrous root system
• Floral part arranged on 3s or 5s
• Ex Grasses, palms, lilies, orchids

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