Scientific Report Writing Tips

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Guidelines for Reporting Scientific Studies Why
do you need them?
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Reporting of Scientific Studies

• Accurate reporting of scientific studies is most
  important. Researchers use the studies as a base
  for their own research.
• Clinicians use them to plan the right treatment
  for the patients.
• The government health agencies use them to design
  impactful preventive and treatment strategies.
• Thus, if you dont report the results accurately
  in the scientific publications, they wont
  provide any value to the society and all your
  hard work will go waste.

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So, several guidelines are introduced to ensure
the results are reported in an accurate manner.
Here, we will discuss the eleven guidelines that
are commonly used for reporting various types of
scientific studies.
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1) PRISMA

• PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
  Reviews and Meta-analyses) is a guideline for
  proper reporting of systematic reviews and
  meta-analyses.
• It is also useful for critical appraisal of a
  published systematic review. 
• The PRISMA statement comprises a checklist of 27
  items, which are divided into the categories of
  title, abstract, introduction, methods, results,
  discussion and funding.
• It also advocates the use of a flow diagram to
  present the results in an effective manner.

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2) CONSORT

• CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting
  Trials) is a statement that guides the reporting
  of randomized controlled trials.
• The statement was first developed in 1996 to
  remove any bias in reporting the results of
  randomized clinical trials. 
• It comprises a 25-item checklist and is divided
  into categories like title and abstract,
  introduction, methods, results, discussion, and
  other information.

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3) STROBE

• STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of
  Observational studies in Epidemiology) is a
  guideline for reporting observational studies
  like cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional
  studies.
• The observational studies previous to the
  development of STROBE didnt explain the
  confounding variables nor had any reporting on
  the method of selecting the study and control
  groups. 

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• To overcome this inadequacy, STROBE came into
  being in 2004.
• It comprises a 22-item checklist under the
  headings of title and abstract, introduction,
  methods, results, discussion, and other
  information. 
• For genetic association studies, STROBE has been
  extended to STREGA (Strengthening the Reporting
  of Genetic Association studies).

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4) STARD 

• STARD (Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic
  accuracy studies) has been developed for accurate
  reporting of diagnostic and prognostic studies.
• A survey about the diagnostic studies published
  in medical journals between 1978 and 1993
  revealed poor or mediocre quality. 

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• They lacked a proper study design, proper method,
  and difficulty in evaluating their results.
• Thereafter, STARD came forth with the checklist
  of 25 items under the following headlines
  title/abstract/keywords, introduction, methods,
  results, and discussion.
• A flow diagram is recommended to report the
  methods used for patient recruitment and the
  order in which the tests are carried out.

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5) SPIRIT 

• SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items Recommendations
  for Interventional Trials) was created in 2007
  for the reporting of scientific trial
  protocols as many of them lacked information on
  primary outcome, treatment allocation methods,
  and the use of blinding in randomized trials.
• It includes 33 items divided into the following
  domains administrative information,
  introduction, methods, ethics and dissemination,
  and appendices. It recommends a protocol in a
  specified format which includes a table of
  contents, section headings, glossary, and list of
  references.

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6) CARE 

• CARE (Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting) is
  developed to increase the accuracy, transparency,
  and usefulness of case reports.

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7) SRQR

• SRQR (Standards for reporting qualitative
  research) is formulated to define the standards
  for reporting qualitative research and preserve
  the requisite flexibility to accommodate various
  paradigms, approaches, and methods used in them.
• Consisting of 21 items, it requires the authors
  to define and explain the key elements of each
  item and provide examples from recently published
  articles.

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8) SQUIRE

• SQUIRE (Standards for Quality Improvement
  Reporting Excellence) guidelines provide a
  framework to report any new study conducted for
  improving the healthcare of the community.

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9) CHEERS 

• CHEERS (Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation
  Reporting Standards) is an attempt to consolidate
  and update previous health economic evaluation
  guidelines into a useful reporting guidance.
• It is a user-friendly 24 item checklist with
  recommendations divided into following
  categories title and abstract, introduction,
  methods, results, discussion, and other
  information.

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10) ARRIVE

• ARRIVE (Animal Research Reporting of In Vivo
  Experiments) has been laid down to report any
  area of bioscience research that uses laboratory
  animals, to improve the quality of information
  published and reduce the number of animal studies.

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11) AGREE Reporting Checklist

• AGREE Reporting Checklist can be used by practice
  guideline developers, guideline users, funders,
  peer reviewers, and journal editors to
  improve the comprehension, completeness, and
  transparency of reporting in practice guidelines.

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• The purpose of having these reporting guidelines
  in scientific research is to create a manual for
  the authors to follow and promote total
  transparency, accurate reporting, and easier
  assessment of the validity of reported research
  findings.
• Though it has been accomplished to some degree,
  but still much needs to be done. Its time
  that scientific editors, authors, and journal
  reviewers assemble to figure out how to best use
  these reporting guidelines.
• For expert scientific manuscript preparation use
  our scientific writing services team to get your
  research published.

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