The Respiratory System

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The Respiratory System
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Functions

• The major function
• Supply the body with Oxygen
• Dispose of Carbon dioxide

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4 distinct events

• Pulmonary ventilation air is moved in and out
  of the lungs
• External respiration gas exchange between blood
  and alveoli
• Respiratory gas transport CV system transports
  oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs tissues
• Internal respiration gas exchange between blood
  tissue cells
• Cellular respiration actual use of oxygen
  production of carbon dioxide in the cells

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Pulmonary Ventilation
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External Respiration
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Internal Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
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Functional Anatomy 2 zones

• Respiratory zone
• Actual site of gas exchange
• Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
• Conducting zone
• conduits purify, humidify, and warm incoming
  air
• Include all other respiratory passageways

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Nose 5 functions

• Provide airway for respiration
• Moisten warm air
• Filter air
• Resonating chamber
• Site of smell receptors

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Cold day Runny nose

• The cilia in your nose become sluggish slow
  when they are cold does not move the mucus down
  your throat
• Mucus in the nasal cavity accumulates dribbles
  out

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Paranasal sinuses functions

• Lighten skull
• Act a resonance chamber
• Produce mucus

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Imbalances add to back of notes

• Rhinitis inflammation of nasal mucosa
• Excessive mucus production, nasal congestion,
  postnasal drip
• Sinusitis inflamed sinuses
• Difficult to treat due to location
• Marked changes in voice quality
• Sinus headache
• Caused by blocked passageways from nasal cavity
  to sinuses, air in sinuses is absorbed, creates
  partial vacuum, change in pressure causes
  headache over inflamed areas.

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Chronic Sinusitis
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Pharynx 3 basic parts

• Pharynx serves as common passageway for food (
  fluids) and air.
• Parts
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

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Nasopharynx

• Serves only as an air passageway
• During swallowing
• Soft palate uvula reflect upward
• Close off nasopharynx which prevents food from
  entering

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Pharyngeal Tonsils

• AKA Adenoids
• Function trap dispose of pathogens that enter
  the nasopharynx
• All tonsils are lymph nodes

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Disorder

• When pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed
• Obstruct the air passage
• Must mouth breath
• Air is not filtered, warmed, etc. correctly in
  this case

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Eustachian tubes

• Auditory or eustachian tubes provide an avenue
  for equalizing middle ear pressure with
  atmospheric pressure via the flow of gases
• Air will either move in or out of your ears to
  cause this equalization
• This is the cause of your ears popping

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Eustachian tubes
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Middle ear infections

• The nasal mucosa is continuous throughout your
  respiratory system so infections can travel
• Pharyngeal infections can move into the middle
  ear causing Otitis Media

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Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

• Serves both respiratory digestive systems
• Oropharynx
• Food, fluid, air passage
• Laryngopharynx
• Food, fluid, air passage
• Becomes continuous with esophagus
• During swallowing, food/fluids have the right of
  way

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Larynx 3 Functions

• Provides patent (open) airway
• Act as a switching mechanism (between respiratory
  digestive systems)
• Voice production (location of vocal cords)

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Adams apple

• Laryngeal prominence on the thyroid cartilage
• Seen externally as Adams apple

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Epiglottis

• 9th cartilage
• When air is flowing into the larynx free edge
  projects upward
• During swallowing
• Larynx is pulled upward
• Epiglottis is tipped to cover laryngeal inlet
• Routes food/fluid into esophagus

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Epiglottis
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Cough Reflex

• Initiated if anything other than air enters the
  larynx
• Pressure from air moves object upward out of the
  larynx
• Heimlich manuver is the same principle
• Used to press air out of lungs in case someone
  cannot inhale to initiate a cough
• Reflex does not work when unconscious so not a
  good idea
• To give fluids to an unconscious person
• Also a reason why people in an alcoholic coma
  often die from aspirating their own vomit.

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Cilia

• Our entire upper respiratory tract is lined with
  psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• The power stroke motion of the cilia move upward
  toward our nose mouth so that mucus is moved
  away from the lungs

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Cilia Goblet Cells
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Take Quiz 1
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Voice Production

• Sound involves
• Intermittant release of air
• Opening closing of true vocal cords
• The length tension of the cords changes the
  pitch while the loudness depends on the force of
  air
• The vocal cords do not move at all when we whisper

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Laryngitis

• Results in hoarseness
• Cause
• Overuse of voice
• Infections
• Inhalation of irritating chemicals

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Laryngitis on your left
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Trachea (Windpipe)

• The mucociliary escalator continuously propels
  the mucus which contains dust particles and
  debris to the throat so it can be expelled or
  swallowed.

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Smoking

• Diminishes ciliary activity
• Coughing is ONLY method of preventing mucus
  accumulation in the lungs
• Smokers should never be given medications that
  INHIBIT the cough reflex.

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Effects of Smoking
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Reinforcement

• Trachea is reinforced internally by 16-20 C
  shaped rings
• Outer portion of C causes trachea to stay
  patent (open) and not collapse
• Inner portion (open part) of C allow trachea to
  be flexible and gives esophagus a place to expand
  into upon swallowing.

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Tracheostomy

• -ostomy cut a hole into
• Used in cases of
• Abnormalities
• Cancers
• Obstructions
• Injuries to area
• Etc.

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Bronchial Tree

• Trachea divides into right and left primary
  bronchi at the level of the sternal angle.
• Inhaled objects usually lodge in the right
  primary bronchus since it is wider, shorter, and
  at a more vertical angle

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Respiratory Zone Structures

• Begins as the terminal bronchioles which feed
  into the respiratory bronchioles which end in the
  alveoli chambers where gas exchange (external
  respiration) takes place.

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Alveoli

• Account for the largest portion of lung volume
  and provide a tremendous surface area for gas
  exchange
• Composed of simple squamous much thinner than a
  sheet of paper
• Membrane has gas on one side and blood on the
  other.

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Alveoli

• Gas exchanges occur through simple diffusion
• A moist membrane is required so the TYPE II cells
  secrete a substance called surfactant that coats
  the membrane interferes with surface tension.

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Lungs

• Left lung is smaller, consisting of 2 lobes and
  contains a cardiac notch
• Right lung has 3 lobes
• Bronchopulmonary segments
• Served by own artery, vein, and individual
  segmental bronchus
• Left lung has 8 segments while right lung has 10.

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Important Info

• Respiratory therapists and surgeons use this info
  about the different bronchopulmonary segments so
  they can treat the patient as needed
• Even to the point of removing the diseased
  segment and leaving the good tissue
• The lungs weigh approximately 2.5 pounds

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Pleurae

• Parietal vs. visceral
• Function of pleural fluid
• Lubricate layers so they can slide across each
  other
• Cause them to cling tightly to each other through
  surface tension (helps maintain pressure
  differences necessary for inhaling/exhaling)

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Pleurisy

• Wet pleurisy excessive fluid production puts
  pressure on lungs
• Dry pleurisy fluid decrease causes membranes to
  rub against each other causes pain and
  adhesions to form

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Take Quiz 2

• Remember it includes the diagrams!!