DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Effects of Smoking

• Known to cause
• Cancer
• COPD
• Asthma

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Effects of Smoking

• 3 Problematic Substances
• Nicotine addictive, stimulates reward pathway
  in the brain
• Carbon Monoxide hemoglobin has a greater
  tendency to bind to carbon monoxide than oxygen
  (200 times stronger bond)
• Tar accumulates in the alveoli prevents gas
  exchange

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Asthma

• A chronic respiratory dieses characterized by
  inflammation and swelling of the bronchi and
  bronchioles that obstructs airflow

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Asthma

• Inflammation is a protective reaction designed to
  eliminate some foreign substances or infection
• Swelling more blood to the area
• Production of mucus
• Muscles around the bronchi and bronchioles
  contract
• ALL this reduced air flow

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Asthma

• Although the causes of asthma are not known, the
  condition is often associated with allergies. An
  allergic reaction initiates the swelling of the
  tissues and the tissues which line the walls of
  the bronchioles swell.
• Also, an allergic reaction causes spasms of the
  muscles lining the bronchiole walls.

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Medication for Asthma

• Open up or dilate the bronchi and bronchioles to
  allow greater airflow
• Puffers Corticosteroids suppress the multiple
  inflammatory genes that are activated

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• 90 of COPD caused by smoking
• a chronic, progressive disease that involves
  both
• Obstructive Bronchitis
• inflammation and mucus (similar to asthma)
• Emphysema
• Causes permanent damage to the alveoli, they
  loose elasticity and shape decrease surface
  area for gas exchange

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NO CURE Damage to alveoli is permanent
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Bronchitis

• Bacterial or viral infections as well as
  reactions to environmental chemicals can cause a
  variety of ailments characterized by a narrowing
  of air passages.
• It is characterized by an inflammation of the
  mucous lining of the bronchial tubes.
• The excess production of mucus leads to
  inflammation and tissue swelling, a narrowing of
  the air passages, and decreased air movement
  through the bronchi.

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Bronchitis

• The condition becomes more serious in the
  bronchioles which are not supported by rings of
  cartilage that help keep them open.
• Two conditions, bronchial asthma and emphysema,
  are associated with inflammation of the
  bronchioles.
• In both conditions, greater effort is required
  to exhale than to inhale.
• This occurs because lower pressure is produced in
  the lungs and bronchioles during inspiration.

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Bronchitis

• During expiration, increased pressure in the
  chest cavity compresses the lungs and the
  bronchioles, decreasing the diameter of the
  bronchioles and increasing resistance to airflow.
  
• The imbalance between the amount of air entering
  the lungs and the amount of air leaving the lungs
  must be met by increasing the exertion of
  expiration

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Emphysema

• Emphysema is associated with long-term
  bronchitis. It involves an increased resistance
  to airflow through the bronchioles.
• Although air flows into the alveoli fairly
  easily, the decreased diameter of the bronchioles
  creates resistance to the movement of air out of
  the lungs.
• Air pressure builds up in the lungs (emphysema
  means over inflated).
• Unable to support the building pressure, the thin
  walls of the alveoli stretch and eventually
  rupture.

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Emphysema

• The fact that there are fewer alveoli means there
  is less surface area for gas exchange which leads
  to decreased oxygen levels.
• In the bodys attempt to maintain homeostasis,
  the breathing rate increases and exhalation
  becomes more laboured .
• The circulatory system adjusts by increasing the
  heart rate.

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Emphysema

• Another problem is that adjoining pulmonary
  capillaries and alveoli are both destroyed.
  Although blood clotting prevents any major
  internal hemorrhaging, the tissue of the lungs is
  replaced by scar tissue, the lungs are less able
  to expand, and therefore they hold less air.
• Inhaled steroids. Corticosteroid drugs inhaled as
  aerosol sprays may relieve symptoms of emphysema
  associated with asthma and bronchitis. Although
  inhaled steroids have fewer side effects than
  oral steroids do, prolonged use can weaken your
  bones and increase your risk of high blood
  pressure, cataracts and diabetes.
• Protein therapy
• Antibiotics
• Transplant

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Treatment
Emphysema

• Bronchiodilators These drugs can help relieve
  coughing, shortness of breath and trouble
  breathing by opening constricted airways, but
  they're not as effective in treating emphysema as
  they are in treating asthma.

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Lung Cancer

• More Canadian men and women die from lung cancer
  than from any other form of cancer.
• There is uncontrolled growth of cells and the
  solid mass of cancer cells in the lungs greatly
  decreases the surface area for diffusion.
• Tumours may actually block bronchioles, reducing
  airflow to the lungs and potentially causing the
  lungs to collapse.

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Treatment

• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Prevention no smoking, avoid second-hand smoke,
  avoid carcinogens

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Cystic Fibrosis

• Normally, mucus is watery. It keeps the linings
  of certain organs moist and prevents them from
  drying out or getting infected. But in CF, an
  abnormal gene causes mucus to become thick and
  sticky.
• The mucus builds up in your lungs and blocks the
  airways. This makes it easy for bacteria to grow
  and leads to repeated serious lung infections.
  Over time, these infections can cause serious
  damage to your lungs.

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Causes of CF

• Mutation on Chromosome 7, deletion of 3 amino
  acids
• Causes abnormal membrane protein to develop which
  does not allow the passage of chloride ions
  across the membrane

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Treatment

• Patient specific depending on age and severity of
  disorder
• percussion and postural drainage, to help loosen
  the mucus to unclog the lungs
• pancreatic enzymes, taken with all meals, to aid
  digestion
• nutritional supplements and vitamins to promote
  good nutritional status
• inhalation of aerosol medications, to alleviate
  congestion and prevent and treat lung infection
• exercise