Conflict in the Middle East

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Conflict in the Middle East
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Mandate

• A country placed under the control of another
  power by international agreement.

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Terrorism

• Use of violence against people or property to
  force changes in societies or governments.

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Palestine

• Southwest Asian region often called the holy
  land.
• Same area that Israel now.

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Arab-Israeli Wars

• A series of wars between 1948 and 1973 that were
  fought between Israel and the Arab countries of
  Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon.

ARAB
Israeli
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Kurd

• A member of a group of mountain people who live
  in Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria,
  and Turkey.

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Zionism

• A movement that encouraged Jews to return to
  Palestine, the Jewish homeland, which Jews call
  Zion.

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Law of Return

• A law enacted in 1950 in Israel, granting Jews
  anywhere in the world permission to move to
  Israel and become citizens.

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Secular

• Not specifically relating to religion.

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Fundamentalism

• the belief that religious books should be
  followed EXACTLY, not interpreted. Extremely
  strict religious followers.

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Anti-Semitism

• Hostility toward or prejudice toward Jews or
  Judaism.

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Dateline What led to the collapse of the
Ottoman Empire?

• Years of revolts and war lead to the decline of
  the Ottoman Empire.
• Being on the losing side of WWI brought the
  empire to an end.

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How was land divided after the Ottoman Empire?

• Most of the territory of the Ottoman Empire was
  divided between France and Great Britain.
• France took Syria and Lebanon
• Great Britain took Palestine and Iraq.
• Control was given through mandates, which
  promised independence by certain dates, but often
  had to fight for their freedom.

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Rise of Ottoman Empire
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Decline of the Ottoman Empire
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France was given mandates over Syria and Lebanon
Britain was given Palestine and Iraq.
Was it easy for these countries to regain
independence?
Who controlled Saudi Arabia and Iran?
Why would European nations want this land?
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Law of Return

• Law granting Jews from all over the world
  permission to move to Israel and become
  citizens.

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Conflict over Palestine
Israel
Palestine
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Five events that led to conflict in Palestine

• After WWI, Great Britain controlled Palestine, an
  Arab region
• Jews lived in Palestine 2,000 years ago
• Jews started migrating to Palestine in late
  1800s fleeing persecution
• After WWII, homeless Jews continued to flee to
  Palestine
• Arabs living in Palestine did not want their
  homeland to become a Jewish state

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How did Great Britain try to solve the problem?

• Britain asked the United Nations for help
• The U.N. divided Palestine into two separate
  parts- one for the Jews and one for the Arabs.
• Result
• Jews accepted the plan, Arabs did not
• May 1948, Jewish leaders declared Israel an
  independent state
• Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Lebanon declared
  war (all of these nations are ..)

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1947
Arab Territory
Israel
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The migration of the Palestinians to Jordan is a
result of the 1948 . Arab War arose, leading
many Palestinians to flee for safety, and after
the Israeli war for Independence, many were
forced. their homes and land. Jordan is now the
home to 42 of all Palestinian refugees from
their homes and land.
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Arab-Israeli wars

• Israel won the first war
• The PLO is the Palestinian Liberation
  Organization. They refused to recognize Israels
  right to exist
• 1967-Israel won third War- 6 Days War
• 1973-Israel won Fourth War- The Yom Kippur War

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Attempts at Peace

• 1979- Egypt became the first Arab nation in the
  region to make peace with Israel
• Anwar Sadat, Egyptian President was assassinated
  by an Arab extremist.
• Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
• 1989-Palestinian Arabs rebelled in the Israeli
  controlled territories
• 1993- Israel and PLO signed a peace agreement
  (Yasir Arafat and ..)
• 2000- Palestinian uprising broke out

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How do they keep their lands separated?

• In 2002, the Israeli Government began
  construction on a wall that will eventually
  surround much of the West Bank.
• The final wall will be more that 400 miles long
• cost 2.5 million per mile
• made with concrete, barbed wire, electrical
  fencing, motion detectors, guard towers, and
  security roads.
• It will be FOUR times as long and twice as high
  as the Berlin Wall.

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Two Anti-Israeli Groups

• Hamas Palestinian Group in power. Identified as
  a terrorist organization by the U.S. State
  Department. Won Palestinian elections in
  2005Radical fundamentalist group.

• Hezbollah
• Political and social organization in Lebanon with
  strong ties to Iran and Syria, a bloc in
  Lebanon's Parliament and ministers in the
  cabinet. The United States regards Hezbollah as a
  terrorist group that is financed by Iran to
  extend its influence.

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What was the purpose of creating Israel in the
first place?

• After years of persecution and exile, many felt
  that the Jews deserved their own homeland.
  (Balfour Treaty in 1917)
• Worldwide sympathy for the Jews was developed
  after the horrifying events of the holocaust
  during WWII. (1947)

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Intro to Conflicts

• Religious differences is a major source of
  conflicts

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Sunnis/Shiites

• Iran- Shiites Accept religious leaders as
  political leaders
• Iraq- Sunnis Do not accept religious leaders as
  political leaders

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Ethnic Groups

• Iraq- Arabs
• Iran- Persian
• They have different histories and speak different
  languages

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Nationalism

• Many Kurds have died in their fight for their own
  state.

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Fundamentalism

• Iran elected Ayatollah Khomeini who called for
  and Islamic Revolution. New constitution
  outlining an Islamic government. No alcohol
  sales and restrictions for women
• Remember an Ayatollah is a religious leader.

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Wars
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Iraq-Iran War

• CAUSE
• Dispute Oil Territory
• Iraq invaded Iran

• EFFECT
• 8 years
• One million deaths
• Signed a cease-fire
• No clear winner

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Persian Gulf War

• Cause
• Iraq invaded Kuwait for control of their oil
  resources

• Effect
• U.N. put a trade embargo in place to prevent Iraq
  from importing oil
• International Armed force began attacks on Iraq
• 100 hours later the surrendered

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Iraq War

• Cause
• Bush believed that Saddam Hussein was hiding
  dangerous weapons
• Fear of U.S. terrorist attack

• Effect
• U.S., Britain, Australia, and others invaded Iraq
  on March 20, 2003
• April 9, 2003 Husseins regime was toppled

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Afghanistan

• Cause
• The U.S. held Osama Bin Laden responsible for
  9-11
• Asked Afghanistans Taliban for the surrender of
  Osama

• Effect
• 10/01- U.S. forces began bombing the Taliban air
  defense, airfields, and command centers.
• Struck Al-Qaeda training camps
• Assisted rebel groups opposing Taliban
• U.S. drove Taliban from power and weakened
  Al-Qaeda

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Where are we today?

• Al Qaeda is still in tact and is believed to be
  located in Pakistan.
• Osama Bin Laden still has not been captured.
• Sadat Hussein was hung and U.S. combat troops
  have pulled out of Iraq.