Nationalism in the Middle East

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Nationalism in the Middle East
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The LandJews

• Over 3000 years ago Jewish kings ruled the region
  from Jerusalem to Palestine driven out
• Never had their own land lived in different
  countries throughout the world
• Early 1900s Zionism forms

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Zionism

• Theodor Herzl
• Creation of Jewish Homeland
• 1904 Palestine was chosen as site
• A few make the move to live among 700,000 Muslim
  Arabs.

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The LandPalestinians

• Both Muslims and Christian land belonged to them
  since Jew were driven out around A.D. 135
• When Zionism began, already living there and did
  not want the Jews to infringe on their land
• Late 19th early 20th century still under foreign
  occupation

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The LandArabs

• The land has belonged to them since their
  conquest of the area in the 7th century
• Threatened by the Jewish immigrant s of the
  1920s and 1930s
• Fighting escalates for control of towns and
  villages of Palestine

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Nationalism

• Foreign Occupation
• Oil led the British to the ME in 1900
• Ottoman Empire until their defeat in WWI then
  split b/wn Allies
• Effects
• Poverty
• Poor education
• No say in politics
• Nationalism led to independence by end of WWII

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• Western influences remained strong
• Pan-Arabism spread
• Arab League formed in 1945

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Israel A New State

• By 1947 Palestine was the only Euro-ruled
  territory
• GB was struggling to keep control
• McMahon Letter (1915)
• Balfour Declaration (1917)
• WWII brings changes (1938)
• VIOLENCE!
• GB hands conflict over to the UN

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• Palestine is partitioned on Nov. 29, 1941
• State of Israel is declared on May 14, 1948
• David Ben-Gurion is Prime Minister
• US declares support for Israel

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1948-1949 War

• Israel attacked by Arab countries w/in 24 hrs
  Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and
  Syria
• Israel crushed them in months but war will break
  out again

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The Suez Crisis (1956)

• The 2nd conflict
• 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypts pres
• New policies
• Gave land to peasants
• Get British w/drawal from the Suez canal
• Build up military
• 1956 he nationalized the Suez Canal
• GB, FR and IS invade
• UN pressures them to w/draw

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Six Day War (1967)

• 1964 Palestinians form the Palestinian Liberation
  Organization (PLO) Goals
• Eliminate IS
• Create a new Palestinian state
• Leader Yasir Arafat
• Violence w/ neighbors leads IS to attack the
  Arabs and win in 6 days
• Results IS triples their land!
• Golan Heights from Syria
• Half of Jerusalem from the Arabs
• West Bank from Jordan

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Yom Kippur War (1973)

• New leaders
• Anwar Sadat (EG) a peacemaker
• Golda Meir (IS)
• Egypt and Syria declared war on IS to gain lost
  lands
• Early success for EG and SY but in the end fail
• UN forced a cease-fire

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