Title: /f nAl dZi/
1/f nAl dZi/
/t/
t?
/
t
tH
2/water/
water
steam
ice
3/water/
Prototype
water
steam
ice
4/t/ tphones, phonemes, allophones
/t/
t?
/
t
tH
5Phonemic - phonetic
/pvk/
pHvk
6Phone, phoneme, allophone
t
tH
/
/t/
t?
t
R
7Phone, phoneme, allophone
Phone a speech sound
Phoneme set of related speech sounds
Allophone a member of a set of related speech
sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a
phoneme)
/t/
tH
8Phone, phoneme, allophone
Phoneme Represented by one of the allophones (the
least predictable, most basic one), but not
pronounceable A critical diagnostic the minimal
pair
pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill
hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil
9Phone, phoneme, allophone
Allophone tH is not an allophone, it is an
allophone of /t/ (in English)
English
/t/
tH
10Phone, phoneme, allophone
Allophone A phone can be an allophone of more
than one phoneme (in a given language).
English
/t/
/d/
R
11Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
Spanish English
12Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
Phonemicdistinctions
13Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
Allophonesof the samephoneme
14Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
English English Spanish Spanish
soda soR toro toRo
dough do donde dAnde
though Do todos toDos
15Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
English English Spanish Spanish
easy hard easy hard
d vs D d vs R d vs R d vs D
R vs D D vs R
16Phoneme easy to hearAllophone hard to hear
English Spanish
/d/
/d/
/r/
/D/
17Phone, phoneme, allophone
Allophone A critical diagnostic complementary
distribution Phonetic similarity mutually
exclusive neighborhoods
pHIl spIl lIp
18Phonological processes
Allophonic patterns The same alternations with
classes of related sounds Phonological
rules Expressions in a formal notation for
describing (predicting) such alterations
pHIl tHIl kHIl
X ? Y / W Z
19Phonological processes
Allophonic patterns The same alternations with
classes of related sounds
pHIl spIl lIp
tHIl stIl lIt
kHIl skIl lIk
20Phonological processes
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
Phones Voiceless stops
21Phonological processes
PhonemesVoiceless stops
/p/ /t/ /k/
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
Phones Voiceless stops
22Phonological processes
PhonemesVoiceless stops
/p/ /t/ /k/
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
Allophones
and phones and voiceless stops
23Phonological processesPhonological rules
Express allophonic regularities Have the form
X ? Y / W Z
24stop -voice
syllabic stress
?
aspirated / ?
/p/ /t/ /k/
Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in
English
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
25/p/ /t/ /k/
Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in
English
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
26??? ? ???? / ??? ???
NO rule
/p/ /t/ /k/
Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in
English
pH tH kH p t k p
t k
27Phonological processesSome English rules
Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings
of stressed syllables Stops (voiced and
voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words
This rule applies to ALL English stops, not just
the voiceless one
stop ? -released /
28Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gon) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Complementary distribution
29Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gon) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
30Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gone) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
syllabic
31Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gone) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
? nasal
32Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gone) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
/ nasal
33Vowel nasalization English
bQt (bat) bQn (ban) gAt (got)
gAn (gone) bEt (bet) bEn (Ben)
lAk (lock) lAN (long) rIp (rip) rIm
(rim)
Whats the rule?
syllabic ? nasal / nasal
34Vowel length English
bQt (bat) bQ?d (bad) gAt (got)
gA?d (god, God) bEt (bet) bE?d (bed)
mvk (muck) mv?g (mug) lAk (lock) lA?g
(log) rIp (rip) rI?b (rib)
Complementary distribution
35Vowel length English
bQt (bat) bQ?d (bad) gAt (got)
gA?d (god, God) bEt (bet) bE?d (bed)
mvk (muck) mv?g (mug) lAk (lock) lA?g
(log) rIp (rip) rI?b (rib)
Whats the rule?
36Vowel length English
bQt (bat) bQ?d (bad) gAt (got)
gA?d (god, God) bEt (bet) bE?d (bed)
mvk (muck) mv?g (mug) lAk (lock) lA?g
(log) rIp (rip) rI?b (rib)
Whats the rule?
syllabic ? long / voice
37English vowel allophones
Q, Q?, Q A, A?, A E, E?, E
v, v, v I, I?, I etc.
?
38English vowel allophones
Q, Q?, Q A, A?, A E, E?, E
v, v, v I, I?, I etc.
?
39English vowel allophones
/V/ V / voice V / nasal
V / elsewhere
syllabic ? long / voice
syllabic ? nasal / nasal
40Nasalization Scots Gaelic
mo)?r (big) mu) (about) ni) (cattle)
ne)?l (cloud) fuar (cold)
iuF (wet)
Complementary distribution
41Nasalization
Progressive
Regressive
English
Scots Gaelic
bQ?n (ban) mu) (about) gA?n (gone)
ne)?l (cloud)
A S S I M I L A T I O N
42Nasalization Scots Gaelic
mo)?r (big) mu) (about) ni) (cattle)
ne)?l (cloud) fuar (cold)
iuF (wet)
syllabic ? nasal / nasal
43Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
44Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
45Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
i.e., V, V /V/, /V/
46Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
Whats the rule?
i.e., V, V /V/, /V/
47Vowel length Yap (Western Pacific)
TIs (to topple) TI?s (a post) pul (to
gather) pu?l (moon) /er (near you) /e?r
(lagoon part)
Whats the rule?
None! There is no allophonic variation in the
data.
48Aspiration Khmer
pç?N (to wish) pHç?N (also) tçp (to
support) tHçp (be suffocated) kat (to
cut) kHat (to polish)
49Aspiration Khmer
pç?N (to wish) pHç?N (also) tçp (to
support) tHçp (be suffocated) kat (to
cut) kHat (to polish)
Minimal pairs
50Aspiration Khmer
pç?N (to wish) pHç?N (also) tçp (to
support) tHçp (be suffocated) kat (to
cut) kHat (to polish)
/p/, /pH//t/, /tH//k/, /kH/
Minimal pairs
51/f nAl dZi/
- (Phones), Allophones, Phonemes
- Minimal pairs
- Complementary distribution
- Phonological processes/rules