Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles

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Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles

• March 7, 1936 re-occupies the Rhineland
• Important turning point for Hitler
• Allies dont respond Appeasement
• USA Neutrality Acts
• No sale of arms to nations at war
• No Americans can travel to warring nations
• No loans to nations at war

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Warm Up 5/22

1. Why did many Japanese feel dissatisfied with the
   multi-party democratic system?
2. How did Tojo used nationalism to rise to power in
   the late 1920s early 1930s in Japan?
3. Why did Japan seize Manchuria in 1931-32?
4. Why was March 7, 1936 another turning point for
   Hitler?

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Hitler continued to expand

• 2nd target Austria (march 1938)
• next target Czechoslovakia (Sudentenland)
• Demands people are given self rule
• Neville Chamberlain (G.B.) convinces Czech. Govt
  to give in Appeasement
• Hitler takes all of Czech.
• Munich Agreement Sept. 28, 1938
• Hitler promises not more territorial gains
• Peace in our time
• Appeasement

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Hitler prepares of War

• By Fall 39 Hitler demands Polish Corridor
  (Danzig)
• Britain and France pledge to defend it
• Aug. 39 Germany USSR sign 10 year
  non-aggression pact (Nazi/Soviet) shocks world
• Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland
• By end of Sept. Germany takes Poland w/
  Blitzkrieg
• divides it with USSR France and Britain
  mobilize for war

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• Stalin takes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
  Finland
• Germany overwhelms Scandinavia on April 9, 1940
  attacking Denmark and Norway (airbases)
• USA Cash and Carry legislation

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Germany blitzes west

• 1940 Chamberlain forced to resign because of
  appeasement Winston Churchill takes over
• France prepares for war (Maginot Line) thought
  war would be like WWI, not prepared for
  blitzkrieg and tanks
• May 10, 1940 Hitler attacks France through
  Belgium, Lux., and Neth.
• Allies pushed back to N. France English channel
  (Evacuation of Dunkirk May 28 to June 4)

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The Fall of France

• June 10, 1940 Italy declares war and attacks
  France from south.
• Germany closes from north France is doomed!
• June 22, 1940 France surrenders
• Germany occupies northern 2/3 of France
• Marshall Henri Petain occupies southern 1/3
  (Vichy France)
• Underground resistance led by Charles de Gaulle

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Germany Attacks Great Britain

• Summer 1940 Operation Sea Lion
• Battle of Britain starts in July 1940 last 6
  months
• Air battle RAF vs. Luftwaffe
• 1,200 Germany fighter 1,300 bombers vs. 700
  British fighters
• Britains 2 secret weapons RADAR ULTRA
• Britain bombs back in late Aug. Hitler hits
  major cities civilians 300-600 people die per
  day/1,000-3,000 injured
• By the end of 1940 Hitler reluctantly gives up

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• America increases aid to Allies
• Lend-Lease Act march 1941
• US gives Britain 50 destroyers to fight wolf
  packs
• Congress approves Selective Service Act lifts
  spirits of British
• US begins undeclared naval battle with Germany
  when Kearney Rueben James are sunk Oct. 1941,
  100 Americans die
• Battle of the Atlantic

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Hitler invades the USSR

• Operation Barbarrosa
• April 1941 all of SE Europe forced to join
  Germany
• June 22, 1941 Germany invades USSR surprises
  Red Army
• Goals take Leningrad in North, Moscow in
  middle, Stalingrad in South
• Germany gets to goals but cannot take them
  winter sets in, Russians refuse to surrender

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Japan conquers an Asian Empire

• War with China continues since 37
• Japan joins the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Sept 40
  (US begins to brake diplomatic relations)
• US begins to cut down exports of gas, scrap
  metal, steel
• To replace these materials Japan wants S.E. Asian
  lands rich in oil, iron, tin, rubber (threat to
  US interests)
• Vital supplies needed to fight war with China

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• July 1941, Japan overruns French Indochina US
  orders a total embargo
• Japan refuses to end war with China
• US brakes Japanese Code (MAGIC) attack
  imminent, but where?
• Late Nov. 41 Japanese fleet sets sail

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Pearl Harbor

• Sunday Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in
  infamy FDR
• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on the Island of Oahu
  in Hawaii
• 2 hours 18 American ships sunk (8 battleships)
• 2,403 die, 1000s wounded
• Next day (Dec. 8) US declares war Axis declares
  war on US (Dec. 11) Allies form UK, USSR, USA

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Japanese pilots take final preparations
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Admiral Nagumo
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Mitsuo Fuchida
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Admiral Yamamoto
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Burning ships in Pearl Harbor Dry Docks
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Wheeler Air Field
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USS West Virginia
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USS Arizona
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USS Shaw
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Map of Battleship Row
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USS Arizona Memorial
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Allies turn the tide of war

• Japan then overruns the Pacific by Dec. 42
  winning war in Pacific
• May 42 Battle of Coral Sea (Australia is saved)
• June 3, 42 Battle of Midway Turning point in
  pacific Admiral Nimitz
• Allies go on offensive island hoping starts at
  Guadalcanal in Solomon Isl. Aug. 7
• Gen. Douglas MacArthur

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Gen. Douglas MacArthur
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Allies launched a drive to victory

• Battle of the Atlantic being won by Allies
• North Africa dominated by Germans led by Gen.
  Erwin Rommel Desert Fox
• Allies push back at Suez Canal and El Alamein led
  by British Gen. Bernard Montgomery
• Turning point in Northern Africa

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Gen. Erwin Rommel
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Gen. Bernard Montgomery
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Operation Torch

• Americans led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower pushed
  from west and trapped the Axis at Tunisia
• Next move to attack Axis through Italy
• The soft underbelly of the Axis powers

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Dwight Eisenhower
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Invasion of Italy
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Soviet Forces take the offensive

• Most violent fighting of WWII on eastern front
  outside Moscow and Leningrad
• Battle of Stalingrad Aug. 1942 turning point on
  eastern front
• By winter German have control of Stalins prize
  city
• Soviet Gen. Georgi Zhukov leads counter attack
  surrounds city and cuts supply lines

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• Germans surrender on Jan. 31, 1943 against
  Hitlers wishes
• Puts Germany on defensive beaten back to
  Poland
• Fall of Third Reich coming

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Fascist Rule crumbles in Italy

• July 9, 1943 Allies invade Italy at beaches of
  Sicily led by American Gen. George Patton
  British Gen. Montgomery
• Stuns people and they turn on Mussolini
• Forced from power July 25, 1943, arrested

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Gen. George Patton
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• Pietro Badoglio takes power and turns on Hitler!
  Surrenders Sept 3, 1943
• Germans would occupy Northern Italy and defend it
  for two years
• Rome falls June 3, 1944 Germany starts to
  collapse!

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The Allies Invade France

• Operation Overlord
• Allied force of 2 million assemble in England for
  invasion with another million ready for sea and
  air support
• Germany knew invasion was coming Allies go to
  great lengths to fool Germans as to location
  (Port of Calais)
• Fooled Hitlers generals not Hitler he
  thought Normandy

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• Hitler gives in and fortifies Calais
• D-Day Invasion June 6, 1944 (historys largest
  amphibious assault)
• Shortly after midnight 23,000 airborne troops (2
  Am., 1 Brit.) parachute/glide into France and
  began the attack
• 630 AM over 4,000 ships hit the beaches of
  Normandy (Americans _at_ Omaha and Utah, British
  Canadian at Sword, June, and Gold)
• After 5 days Allies hold a strip of France 80
  miles long
• Less than 3 weeks later 1 million men on shore
  and pushing inland (St. Lo and Caen)

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The German Reich Collapsed

• July 20th, 1944 Operation Valkyre fails
• Aug. 24th, 1944 Allies liberate Paris, France
  (Patton leading the way)

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Gen. Klaus von Stauffenberg
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Liberation of France
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Battle of the Bulge

• Dec. 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge begins in the
  Ardennes Region of Belgium and Lux.
• Last ditch German offensive had early success but
  unable to take key city of Bastogne
• Allies hold and defeat Germans by Jan. 45
• Largest battle ever fought by US Army 600,000
  GIs, 80,000 killed/wounded. Germans lost
  100,000.

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• Hitler now fighting and losing the war on 3
  fronts but refuses to surrender
• Mussolini is assassinated April 28, 1945
• Hitler commits suicide on April 29, 1945 as
  Soviets close in on Berlin
• Admiral Karl Donitz takes over discusses peace
• Soviets take Berlin next day April 30, 1945
• Germany Surrenders May 7, 1945 V-E Day
• FDR dies April 12, 1945, Harry Truman takes over

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VE Day
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President Truman
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A Final Horror in the Pacific

• By 45 MacArthur and Allies have most of pacific
  back. Liberates Philippines.
• Feb. 45 Iwo Jima (bloodiest battle) Okinawa
  (last battle) open path to Japan
• Japan refuses to surrender goes to kamikaze
  tactics
• America begins heavy bombing of Japan
• March 9, 1945 Tokyo

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Iwo Jima Mt. Suribachi
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The flag flies at Mt. Suribachi
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Fire Bombing of Tokyo
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Manhattan Project and the Atomic Bomb

• Robert J. Oppenheimer
• July 16, 1945 Successful test in NM
• July 26, 1945 Truman warns Japan of prompt
  utter destruction
• Aug. 6, 1945 The Enola Gay (B-29 Bomber) drops
  little Boy on Hiroshima
• 2/3 of city instantly destroyed 80,000 die
• Aug. 9, 1945 fat man dropped on Nagasaki 40,000
  die

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• Japan surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945 after Emperor
  overrule of war council
• WWII is over

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Toll of War

• Economic costs
• USA 288 billion
• U.K. 117 billion
• France 111.3 billion
• USSR 93 billion
• Germany 212.3 billion
• Japan 41.3 billion
• Death Tolls

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The Homefront

• People pay a heavy price war fought in
  towns/cities
• Mobilizing for war
• Factories convert to war time production (WPB)
• Rationing
• War stamps bonds to help finance war
• Propaganda in all countries
• U.S. Japanese internment camps

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Japanese Internment
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The Holocaust Phase One Isolate the Jew

• Aryan race proclaimed master race
• Anti-Semitic propaganda blames Jews for Germanys
  problems
• Boycott of Jewish businesses (1933)
• Nuremburg Laws (1935)
• Kristallnacht (1938)
• Jews flee Germany flood of Jewish refugees

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The Holocaust Phase Two Extermination

• Jewish Ghettos (1939)
• Wannsee Conference Jan. 20, 1942
• Reinhard Heydrich Hinrich Himmler
• Deportations throughout Germany (42-45)
• Einsatzgrupen
• Death Camps gas chambers crematorium
• Final Solution Genocide (42-45) 6 million
  Jews murdered

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Reinhard Heydrich
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The Holocaust

• Liberation (44-45) 300,000 Jews freed
• Resistance Jewish Fighting Organization in
  Warsaw (43)
• Treblinka, Poland uprising (Aug. 43) camp
  closed

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Post War Issues

• Approx. 50 million dead
• 50 million homes lost
• Europe in ruins (agriculture and industry)
• Many die from famine and disease
• Political unrest / instability

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Nuremberg Trials 1946

• 1st time in history leaders held accountable for
  actions during war time.
• Nazi leaders rounded up and convicted of
• Crimes against humanity
• 22 defendants, 12 sentenced to death
• 200 eventually convicted of war crimes
• Operation Last Chance led by Efraim Zuroff,
  Israel director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center
  continues today.

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Important meetings

• Yalta Conference Feb. 45
• Big three meet
• July 45 Potsdamn
• Germany divided into 4 zones
• Beginning of Cold War

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The Big Three