Unit 3 Review

1
Unit 3 Review

• The Post-Classical World
• 600 CE - 1450 CE

2
Themes

• Two Main themes of Post-Classical Period
• Religious Expansion and Cultural Change
• Development of Interregional Trade
• Caused
• Boundary Conflicts
• Technological expansion
• Consumer interest in products
• More disease

3
States and Empires in 800 CE
4
Scandanavian Kingdoms
Russia
England
Poland
H.R.E.
Mongol Empire
France
Hungary
Spain
Rum
Koryo
Portugal
Almohad Caliphate
Sung China
Kamakura Japan
Ayyubid Caliphate
Delhi Sultanate
Mali
Angkor
Ethiopia
Oyo
Benin
Zimbabwe
States and Empires in 1237 CE
5
Islamic Caliphates

• Islam developed in 632 CE
• Muhammad driven out of Mecca because of
  opposition from polytheists (Umayyads) goes to
  Medina where he gains followers and ultimately
  regains control of Mecca
• Descendants of Muhammad ruled after - dispute
  over who should rule
• Sunni Islam - Whoever is most capable should lead
  (majority of Muslims)
• Shia Islam - leaders of Islam should be direct
  descendants of Muhammad (minority)

6
Arab Political Development

• Valued trade, all based on Muslim law (sharia),
• Taxes on non-Muslims (dhimmis) but no forced
  conversions, cannot enslave Muslims
• Umayyad caliphate (632 - 750 CE) capital at
  Damascus make into hereditary monarchy, expand
  land, set up bureaucratic govt, must be Arab and
  Muslim for positions focus on expansion
• Abbasid caliphate (750 - 1258 CE) size made
  difficult to control, broken into smaller states,
  allowed non-Arabs as long as Muslim based in
  Baghdad borrowed from Persia focus on trade

7
Africa

• Based on gold and salt trade does not develop
  manufacturing empires fall due to waning of
  resources, smaller provinces gaining independence
• Ghana (500-1200) by 900s Islam major force,
  increase in trade
• Mali (1235-1400) Sundiata Mansa Musa (hajj to
  Mecca displays wealth of Mali)
• Songhay (1340-1591) Niger River significant in
  gold trade
• Swahili City States (Eastern Africa) - major
  trade center on Indian Ocean Trade Route
• Ethiopia - relatively free of invasion not
  terribly influenced by Islam primarily Christian

8
Byzantine Empire

• Eastern portion of Roman Empire Constantinople
• Theocracy leader of state is leader of religion
• Eastern Orthodox (split from Roman Catholic
  Church in 1054 CE)
• Emperor Justinian
• Law Code (updated Roman Laws) tries to
  re-conquer Rome but fails Hagia Sophia
• Women had relative freedom (Theodora)
• Wealthy b/c Silk Road Constantinople
• Weakened by large empire, disease, the Crusades
  and external invasion lose land to Seljuk Turks,
  allows Islam to spread finally conquered by
  Ottomans (1453)

9
Medieval Europe

• Feudalism political and military system based on
  loyalty king, lords, knights, vassals, serfs
• Manorial system social and economic system where
  people lived in walled self-sufficient manors
• Decentralized power, makes trade difficult which
  makes Europe develop at a slower pace
• Early Governments England (William the
  Conqueror-1066) France (Charlemange 8th/9th c.
  CE)
• Roman Catholic Church - central power
  (cathedrals, bishops, abbeys, monasteries only
  centers of learning)
• Towards end of Medieval period - development of
  towns and cities guilds more centralized
  government increased interactions the
  Crusades limited government (England)

10
China

• After the fall of the Han Dynasty, there are six
  weak dynasties (220-589 )
• Sui (581-618 CE)
• Reorganized state control and overcome political
  unrest govt is extremely harsh and controlling
  shift focus from north to south and south east
• redistribute land, peasants overworked/taxed
  expensive building projects
• Try to take over Korea, fail, increase in
  revolts, assassinate emperor
• Tang (618-906 CE)
• Civil Service examination perfected reduce power
  of aristocracy
• Foot binding began
• Leader in technology and trade
• Grand Canal - reunifies northern and southern
  China helps with food shortages
• Expands into Afghanistan, Tibet, Vietnam,
  Manchuria, Korea
• Empress Wu supports Buddhism, but later face
  persecution and revival of Confucianism
  (neo-Confucianism)

11
China (cont.)

• Song (960-1127 CE)
• Peasant revolts during Tang dynasty helps topple
  dynasty
• Reinforces Tribute Systems
• Power shift from north to south for trading, sea
  power
• Urban growth, neo-Confucianism(personal morality)
• Decline not able to unify, military and economic
  problems, invaded by Mongols
• Yuan (1271-1368 CE) - Mongol rule, Chinese style
• Try to keep Chinese and Mongols separate
• Decline of scholar-gentry
• Try to continue Mongol nomadic lifestyle
• Help trade
• Tolerant of religions- except for Confucianism
• Do not support foot binding for Mongol women,
  more equal position for Mongol women
• Decline too big, good conquerers but poor
  administrators

12
Japan

• Heavily influenced by Chinese style leadership
  (Taika Reforms of 646 CE), writing etc, brought
  Confucianism and Buddhism but Chinese bureaucracy
  didnt take off much
• Emperor loses power to aristocracy and warriors
  by 9th century CE
• Little social mobility
• Local leaders have own military
• Feudalism developed b/c large landowners took
  much power no one able to unify
• Similarities between Japanese and W. European
  feudalism mutual ties and obligations,
  militaristic values
• Differences W. Europe (Contracts),
  Group/Individual bonds (Japan)
• Mongols tried but not able to conquer
• Shoguns- military leaders diamyos- nobles
  Samurai - noble warriors
• The Talk of Genji

13
Korea and Vietnam

• Korea
• Hunters/Gathers from Siberia and Manchuria
• Colonized by China during Han dynasty
• Sinification - Buddhism, Chinese writing
• Not Chinese govt style
• Govt jobs based on birth and family connections
  some use of the exam system
• Chinese influence mainly touched Aristocratic
  classes

• Vietnam
• Raided by Qin dynasty then conquered by Han in
  111 BCE
• Power in small villages distinct language and
  cultural practices
• Women had greater freedoms than Chinese women
• After conquest Sinification - schools, exam
  system, Confucianism, agricultural techniques,
  political and military organization
• Frequent revolts against Chinese power (Trung
  sisters - 39 CE)
• 939 CE - gains independence and maintains it
  until 19th century

14
The Mongols

• Tribal nomadic structure forced to expand for
  enough resources for growing population
• Ghenggis Khan - founder of unified Mongolian
  empire when he dies, split into four major
  territories
• Tolerant leaders, Calvary based
• Mostly allow local rule in exchange for tax
  revenue
• Support trade and expansion of religions
• Rule Russia, China, Middle East
• Mongol control of Russia (The Golden Horde)
• Russian princes paid tribute to Mongols, peasants
  meet demands of lords AND Mongols, increase in
  feudalism for protection from Mongols
• Decreased trade possibilities, military and
  political organization influences Russia Mongols
  isolated Russia from western developments

15
Americas

• Less Developed
• Lack of trade and technology due to isolation
• Traded with each other, but not outside Americas
• Agriculture maize/corn
• Polytheistic religion- bloody sacrifices warfare
  had religious significance
• Maya (2000 BCE - 900 CE) city-states, decline
  due to disease, drought, internal unrest
• Aztecs (1325-1521 CE) centralized city states
  but separate, tribute system, no bureaucracy,
  chinampas, Tenochtitlan, conquered by Spain
• Incas (1438-1533 CE) - tribute and welfare
  system, lack of merchants in comparison to Maya
  and Aztec, major system of roads, conquered by
  Spain

16
Interactions

• Crusades (1095-1272)
• Byzantine ask for Roman Catholic help to get holy
  land (Jerusalem) back
• 1st crusade Christians gain control but all other
  Crusades have Jerusalem under Muslim control,
• Increases trade shows how much less developed
  Europe was compared to the Arab world, brings
  Arab technology to Europe
• The Black Plague
• Spread through trade routes, especially bad in
  China and southern Europe
• Pax Mongolia
• Period of relative peace and expansion of trade
  because of Mongolian control