Review of Units I

1
Review of Units I II

• The Renaissance and the Reformation

2
Renaissance

• Europe Rediscovers and Regains Cultural Heritage
  of the Classical Times
• Economic Factors
• Trade routes to Asia taken from the Ottoman
• Constantinople controlled by Venice
• Trade ? Wealth to Italy in late Middle Ages
• Wealth ? Cultural Explosion
• Patronage of the arts
• Increased interest in the human and the secular

3

• Intellectual
• Rejection of Scholasticism in favor of critical,
  rational, logical scholarship
• Textual criticism
• Revised translations of classical works
• Humanism
• Focus on the importance of this life in addition
  to the afterlife

4

• Italian Renaissance
• Sparked by legacy of Classical greatness, trade
  wealth, vibrancy of city-states
• Eventually falls apart under pressure from the
  Habsburg-Valois Wars
• Northern Renaissance
• Where the Renaissance survives after fall of
  Italian Renaissance
• Christian Humanism
• Focus on Christian education, literacy, to reform
  society
• Less secularly minded than Italian Renaissance

5

• Secular rulers begin to consolidate power
• Rise up above 1st among equals
• Machiavellian
• Side with burghers
• Seek to weaken Romes influence
• New Monarchs/Renaissance Princes
• Habsburgs
• Seek non-tax sources of wealth

6
The Reformation

• Church Abuses Due to Bloated Bureaucracy and
  Only Game in Town Mentality
• Critics like Hus and Wycliffe
• Usually secular leaders and Rome team up to crush
  dissenters
• Both have an interest in hierarchy
• Even when kings want to challenge Rome, they
  dont want this challenge coming from the bottom

7

• Luther Manages to criticize the Catholic Church
  and Live
• HRE Stays weak and divided
• Anger at Indulgences
• Printing Press Doesnt Hurt
• Protestantism Branches
• Calvinism
• Most important/influential
• Anabaptism
• Etc.
• Many of these Branches Have a Political Element
• See- Anglican Reformation
• Counter-Reformation
• Stage Set for Wars of Religion

8
Next Unit- Wars of Religion
The Rest of the 16th century is filled with Wars
of Religion lets look at the opening situation
Protestant team- England- medium rich (church
lands, later trade) Netherlands- Medium rich
(rising trade) H.R.E. Poor (but large
population) Scandinavia- mostly poor
Catholic team- Spain- filthy rich (New World)
France- Medium rich (some trade, angry
peasants) Papal States- medium rich (merchant
wealth,but in disarray) Eastern Europe- mostly
poor