The Respiratory System

1
The Respiratory System

• Pulmonary ventilaton-movement of air in and out
  of lungsventilation/breathing.
• External respiration-gas exchange between blood
  and alveolar sacs.
• Transport of respiratory gases-cardiovascular
  transport of oxygen/carbon dioxide between lungs
  and tissue cells.
• Internal respiration

2
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

• Organs-Nose,nasal cavity,pharynx,larynx, trachea,
  bronchi,smaller branches, lungs,alveoli.
• Respiratory zone-respiratory bronchioles,alveolar
  ducts,alveoli.
• Conducting zone-entrance, nasal
  cavity,bronchioles.

3
The Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

• Nose provides airway, moistens/warms entering
  air,filters,speech resonating chamber,olfactory
  receptors.
• External nose-nasal bones, maxillary bone,
  lateral cartilage,greater lesser alar
  cartilages,external nares
• Nasal cavity-septum(septal cartilage,
  perpendicular plate, vomer),conchae,meati,
  respiratory epithelium
• Paranasal sinuses-frontal,sphenoid,
  ethmoid,maxillary.

4
The Pharynx

• Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and
  esophagus.
• Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
• Nasopharynx-posterior to nasal cavity,inferior to
  sphenoid bone, superior to soft palate
  levelauditory tubes

5
The Pharynx (contd)

• Oropharynx-lies posterior to oral cavityextends
  from soft palate to esophagus epithelium
  transitions from pseudostratified to strat.
  squamous palatine, lingual tonsils
• Laryngopharynx-lies directly posterior to
  epiglottis and extends to larynx

6
The Larynx

• Voice box extends 2 inches from C4-C6attaches to
  hyoid bone superiorly
• Functions in providing patent airway and to route
  air and food into proper channelsvoice
  production.
• Laryngeal framework-thyroid cart., laryngeal
  prominence,cricoid cart., arytenoid,
  corniculate,cuneiform,vestibular fold,vocal
  fold,epiglottis
• Laryngeal musculature-extrinsic(stabilization)int
  rinsic(regulate vocal fold tension).

7
The Trachea

• Descends from larynx into mediastinum
• 10-12 cm (4 inches) long,2.5cm diameter(1 inch)
• Tracheal walls-mucosa, submucosa, adventitia
• Trachealis muscle
• Carina

8
The Bronchi and SubdivisionsThe Bronchial
TreeThe Conducting Zone

• Right/left primary bronchi(extrapulmonary)
• Secondary(lobar),tertiary(segmental), terminal
  bronchioles
• Structural changes occur as bronchi diameter
  diminish(1)cartilage rings replaced by irregular
  cartilaginous plates (2)pseudostratifiedgtcolumnar
  gtcuboidal and (3)smooth muscle increases.

9
The Bronchial TreeThe Respiratory Zone

• Terminal bronchioles feed into into respiratory
  bronchioles.
• Alveolar ducts
• Alveolar sacs

10
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

• Apex, base, root
• Lobes Superior, middle, inferior
• FissuresHorizontal,oblique
• Surfaces Costal, mediastinal, cardiac notch
• Connective tissue, trabeculae, elastic fibers,
  smooth muscles, and lymphatics.

11
Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs

• Pulmonary arteries,arterioles, pulmonary
  capillary network, venules, veins
• Bronchial arteries
• Pulmonary plexus-parasympathetic motor, visceral
  sensory fibers

12
The Pleurae

• Parietal
• Visceral
• Pleural cavity
  
  
  
  
  Respiratory Muscles
• Diaphragm
• External,internal intercostal
• Accessory muscles Sternocleidomastoid,serratus
  anterior, pectoralis minor, scalenes
  (inspiration)

13
Respiratory Muscles (contd)

• Accessory musclesexternal/internal intercostals,
  abdominal obliques, and rectus abdominis(expiratio
  n)
  Respiratory movements
• Eupnea (diaphragmatic breathing/costal breathing)
• Hyperpnea

14
Respiratory membrane

• Type I cells (epitheliocytes)-alveolar walls
  angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)
• Type II cells-secrete surfactant (interferes
  w/H20 molecule cohesiveness
• Alveolar macrophages
• Respiratory membrane-fused basal laminas of
  alveolar epithelium capillary endothelium

15
Pulmonary Ventilation

• Inspiration-diaphragm,intercostals
• Expiration-quiet vs. forced

16
Medullary Respiratory Centers

• Dorsal respiratory group-root of Cn
  IXpacesetting inspiratory center
• Ventral respiratory group-extends within ventral
  brain stem to pons-medulla junctionforced
  breathing
• Pons respiratory centers-fine tunes
  inspiration/expiration transitiondeters
  overinflation

17
Pathologies

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Obstructive emphysema-alveolar enlargement,alveola
  r wall deterioration
• Chronic bronchitis-inhaled irritants
• Asthma
• Tuberculosis
• Lung Cancer

18
Digestive System

• Alimentary canal(digestion/absorption)-mouth,
  pharynx,esophagus, stomach, small intestine,large
  intestine.
• Accessory organs-teeth, tongue,salivary glands,
  gall bladder,liver, and pancreas.

19
Digestive Process

• Ingestion
• Propulsion
• Mechanical digestion
• Chemical digestion
• Absorption
• Excretion
• Digestive lining protects against corrosive
  effects of enzymes/acids,abrasions, and pathogens.

20
Mesenteries

• Fused double sheets of peritoneal
  membraneprovides routes for blood vessels,
  lymphatics, and nerves.
• Organ reinforcement, prevent entanglement
• Lesser/greater omentum, mesocolon(transverse,sigmo
  id)
• Retroperitoneal(pancreas,large intestine)intraper
  itoneal(stomach)

21
Histological Organization

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis externa
• Serosa

22
The Mucosa and Submucosa

• Mucus secretion, absorption, protection
• Submucosa-loose CT surrounding muscularis
  mucosaecontains blood/lymphatic vessels,nodules,
  nerve fibers.

23
Muscularis Externa

• Responsible for peristalsis/segmentation
• Circular(inner)layer,longitudinal(outer)layer-sphi
  ncters
• Myenteric plexus (of Auerbach)

24
The Serosa

• Protective outermost layer of intraperitoneal
  organs(visceral peritoneum)areolar CT
  pharyngeal, esophageal,rectal serosa replaced by
  adventitia (fibrous CT)

25
Peristalsis/Segmentation

• Peristaltic wave-rhythmic contractions of
  circular and longitudinal muscles pacesetter
  cells
• Segmentation-churn and fragment digested
  materialscircular contractions

26
Functional Anatomy of the Digestive SystemOral
Cavity

• Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, tongue
• Vestibule, labial frenulum
• Hard/soft palate(uvula)
• Palatopharyngeal, palatoglossal arches
• Tonguedorsum with papillaefrenulum

27
The Teeth

• Primary(deciduous),permanent dentitions
• Incisors,canines, premolars, molars
• Formula 2I, 1C, 2PM,3M x 2 32
  
  
  
  
  
• 2I, 1C, 2PM,3M
• StructureEnamel,dentin, pulp cavity, root
  canal,periodontal ligament, cementum, gingival
  sulcus.

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Salivary Glands

• Saliva 99 water buffers, metabolites, enzymes.
• Saliva cleanses mouth, moistens/dissolves food.
• Extrinsics parotid, submandibular, sublingual
  intrinsics buccal

29
The Pharynx

• Pharyngeal constrictors-initiates bolus movements
• Palato/Stylopharyngeus-elevate larynx
• Palatal muscles-raise soft palate portions of
  pharyngeal wall
• Swallowing process/phases buccal, pharyngeal,
  esophageal

30
The Esophagus

• Hollow, muscular tube25 cm.long,2 cm diameter
• C6 to T7
• Angiology esophageal,thyrocervical trunk,
  external carotids, bronchials, celiac trunk
  inferior phrenic artery
• Innervation Vagus esophageal plexus

31
The Esophagus (contd)

• Mucosal stratified epithelium
• Esophageal glands
• Superior 1/3 has skeletal muscles fibers, middle
  third has skeletal/smooth mixturebottom third
  has smoothvisceral reflexes
• No serosa

32
The Stomach

• Stomach functions in storage of ingested food,
  mechanical breakdown, and chemical
  digestion(chyme formation).
• T7-L3
• 15-25 cm long empty(50ml),full(up to 4L).
• Rugae
• Cardia, body, fundus, lesser/greater curvatures
• Pylorus, sphincter.

33
The Stomach (contd)

• Angiology left gastric (lesser curve cardia),
  splenic(fundus greater curve),common
  hepatic(lesser/greater curves of pylorus)
• InnervationThoracic splanchnic
  nerves(sympathetic fibers) from celiac
  plexusparasympathetics supplied from vagus
  nerve.
• Musculaturecircular, longitudinal

34
Stomach Histology

• Gastric pits/glands
• Gastric glands have three cell types(1)
  parietal-HCL/intrinsic factor(2)
  chief-pepsinogen, rennin/gastric
  lipase(newborns)(3) enteroendocrine-gastrin

35
The Small Intestine

• Bodys major digestive organ
• 6m long, 4cm-2.5 cm diameter
• Accounts for 90 of nutrient absorption
• Plicae circulares
• Three subdivisions duodenum, jejunum, ileum

36
Small Intestine (contd)

• Duodenum is retroperitoneal (L1-L4)
• Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter, major
  duodenal papilla.
• Jejunum2.5 m long
• Ileum(peritoneal)3.6m longends at valve

37
Intestinal Histology

• Intestinal villi-contain lacteals,
  microvilli,enterocytes
• Intestinal crypts-secrete intestinal juice
• Peyers patches -lymphoid follicles found in
  submucosa
• Brunners glands-occur in duodenal submucosa

38
Large Intestine

• Frames small intestine on three sides and extends
  from ileocecal valve to anus
• 1.5m long
• Functions(1) resorption of water/
  electrolytescompaction of feces(2)vitamin
  absorption(bacterial flora)

39
Large Intestine (contd)

• Cecum,vermiform appendix
• Colonhaustra,taenia coli, epiploic appendages
• Colon regionsAscendinggthepatic
  flexuregttransversegtsplenic flexuregtdescendinggtsigm
  oid flexuregtsigmoid
• Rectum Anal canal/ columns, internal/external
  anal sphincter, anal orifice.

40
The Liver

• Largest visceral organ
• Functionsmetabolic/hematological regulation,
  bile production.
• Falciform ligament,ligamentum teres, lobes
  (right,left,caudate, quadrate),porta hepatis
• Angiology hepatic artery proper,portal vein

41
Liver Histology(contd)

• Lobules(central vein),hepatocytes
• Portal triadhepatic artery branch, portal vein
  branch, bile duct
• Sinusoids(hepatic macrophages)

42
Gall Bladder

• Stores/modifies bile
• Fundus, body, neck
• Cystic duct

43
The Pancreas

• Exo/endocrine gland
• Head, body, tail
• Retroperitoneal
• Pancreatic/accessory pancreatic duct
• Exocrine product-pancreatic juice
• Islets of Langerhans