Measurement and Testing

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Measurement and Testing
Out line
Is hardness quantity measurement or testing ?

• Measurement
• Quantity
• System of quantity
• Base quantity
• Derived quantity
• Ordinal quantity
• Measurement standard
• Testing
• Traceability

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VIM Definition
Measurement

• Process of experimentally obtaining one or more
  quantity values that can reasonably be attributed
  to a quantity
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  (Quantity) ??????????????????? ???????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????

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Media table
Method? Operator? Environment ?
Tools measuring tape
Quantity length
Value of quantity 90 unit of quantity cm
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• property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, to
  which a number can be assigned with respect to a
  reference
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  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??

VIM Definition
Quantity
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VIM Definition
International System of Quantities ISQ

• System of quantities based on the seven base
  quantities length, mass, time, electric current,
  thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance,
  and luminous intensity
• ?????????????????????????????? base quantities
  (?????????????) ?????????? ?????????????, ????,
  ??????????, ????????, ????????? ??????????????

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VIM Definition
System of quantity

• set of quantities together with a set of
  non-contradictory equations relating those
  quantities
• NOTE Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C
  hardness, are usually not considered to be part
  of a system of quantities because they are
  related to other quantities through empirical
  relations only.

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VIM Definition
System of quantity
Base quantity

• quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a
  given system of quantities, where no subset
  quantity can be expressed in terms of the others
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International System of Quantities ISQ
system of quantities based on the seven base
quantities length, mass, time, electric current,
thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance,
and luminous intensity
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VIM Definition
System of quantity
Derived quantity

• quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in
  terms of its base quantities
• EXAMPLE
• In a system of quantities having the base
  quantities length and mass, mass density is a
  derived quantity defined as the quotient of mass
  and volume (length to the third power).
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  ????????????

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VIM Definition
System of quantity
Ordinal quantity

• quantity, defined by a conventional measurement
  procedure, for which a total ordering relation
  can be established, according to magnitude, with
  other quantities of the same kind is defined, but
  for which no algebraic operations among those
  quantities exist
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  ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
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• EXAMPLES
• a) Rockwell C hardness
• b) octane number for petroleum fuel
• c) earthquake strength on the Richter scale

X
-
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What is a reference ?
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VIM Definition
Measurement standard

• realization of the definition of a given
  quantity, with stated quantity value and
  measurement uncertainty, used as a reference
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• EXAMPLES
• a) 1 kg mass standard
• b) 100 ?. standard resistor
• c) caesium frequency standard
• d) standard hydrogen electrode
• e) set of reference solutions of cortisol in
  human serum having certified concentrations and
• measurement uncertainties of cortisol
• f) reference material providing certified values
  with measurement uncertainties for the mass
• concentration of each of ten different
  proteins

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Measurement standard
Measurement standard

• International measurement standard
• National measurement standard
• Primary measurement standard
• Secondary measurement standard
• Reference measurement standard
• Working measurement standard

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VIM Definition
International measurement standard
measurement standard recognized by signatories to
an international agreement and intended to serve
worldwide EXAMPLES a) international prototype
of the kilogram b) chorionic gonadotropin, World
Health Organization (WHO) 4th International
Standard 1999, 75/589, 650
International Units per ampoule c) VSMOW2
(Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) distributed by
the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) for differential stable isotope
amount ratio measurements
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VIM Definition
national measurement standard
measurement standard recognized by national
authority to serve in the country
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VIM Definition
Primary measurement standard
primary standard measurement standard whose
quantity value and measurement uncertainty are
established using a primary measurement
procedure EXAMPLES a) Primary measurement
standard of amount-of-substance concentration
prepared by dissolving a known amount of
substance of a chemical component to a known
volume of solution. b) Primary measurement
standard for pressure based on separate
measurements of force and area. c) Primary
measurement standard for isotope
amount-of-substance ratio measurements, prepared
by mixing known amount- of -substance of
specified isotopes.
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VIM Definition
Secondary measurement standard
secondary standard measurement standard whose
quantity value and measurement uncertainty are
assigned through calibration with respect to a
primary measurement standard for a quantity of
the same kind NOTES 1 The relation may be
obtained directly between the primary measurement
standard and the secondary measurement standard,
or involve an intermediate measuring system
calibrated by the primary measurement standard
and assigning a measurement result to the
secondarymeasurement standard. 2 A measurement
standard having its quantity value assigned by a
ratio primary measurement procedure is a
secondary measurement standard.
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VIM Definition
Reference measurement standard
reference standard measurement standard
designated for the calibration of working
measurement standards for quantities of a given
kind in a given organization or at a given
location
working measurement standard
working standard measurement standard that is
used routinely to calibrate or verify measuring
instruments or measuring systems NOTES 1 A
working measurement standard is usually
calibrated with respect to a reference
measurement standard. 2 Other terms are check
standard or control standard.
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When we suspect the measurement results

• Method?
• Environment?
• Operator?
• Measuring instrument?

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Calibration

• operation that, under specified conditions, in a
  first step, establishes a relation between the
  quantity values with measurement uncertainties
  provided by measurement standards and
  corresponding indications with associated
  measurement uncertainties and, in a second step,
  uses this information to establish a relation for
  obtaining a measurement result from an indication
  (VIM 2008)
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VIM Definition
Metrological traceability

• property of a measurement result whereby the
  result can be related to a stated reference
  through a documented unbroken chain of
  calibrations, each contributing to the
  measurement uncertainty
• Conclusion
• to ensure that the quantity values are the same
  for whoever,wherever and whenever the measurement
  takes place

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• Test
• A technical operation that consists of the
  determination of one or more characteristics or
  performance of a given product, materials,
  equipment, organism, physical phenomenon, process
  or service according to a specified procedure.
  (ISO/IEC Guide 24 - 12.1, amended)

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• Example of testing quantity
• What different between test and measurement are?
• What about hardness quantity?

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Traceability
The Equipment for maintain Hardness
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Direct verification of Rockwell hardness primary
machine
Traceability
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Direct verification of Vickers hardness primary
machine
Traceability
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Traceability
International Level
National Level
Direct verification
Direct verification
Industrial level
Direct verification
Direct verification
Product