Interest Grabber

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Interest Grabber

• Good Food Sense
• Nutrients are molecules that provide the body
  with energy and materials for growth. Three kinds
  of nutrients you eat are called fats, proteins,
  and carbohydratesterms you may have already
  heard. Think about what they may mean.

1. Write a brief description of what you think
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are. 2. Which
of these three nutrients do you think should make
up the largest part of your diet? Which should
make up the smallest part? Arrange the three
nutrients in order starting from the one that you
should eat the most to the one that you should
eat the least. 3. Why might it be unwise to eat
too much of the nutrient you listed last?
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Section Outline

• A. Food and Energy
• B. Nutrients
• 1. Water
• 2. Carbohydrates
• 3. Fats
• 4. Proteins
• 5. Vitamins
• 6. Minerals
• C. Balancing the Diet

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Concept Map
Nutrients
include
include
are made of
include
include
are made using
such as
such as
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 Types of Vitamins
Vitamin A (retinol) D (calciferol) E
(tocopherol) K B1 (thiamine) B2 (riboflavin)
Sources Yellow, orange, and dark green
vegetables dairy products Fish oils, eggs made
by skin when exposed to sunlight added to dairy
products Green leafy vegetables, seeds, vegetable
oils Green leafy vegetables made by bacteria
that live in human intestine Whole grains, pork,
legumes, milk Dairy products, meats, vegetables,
whole-grain cereal
Function Important for growth of skin cells
important for night vision Promotes bone growth
increases calcium and phosphorus
absorption Antioxidant prevents cellular
damage Needed for normal blood clotting Normal
metabolism of carbohydrates Normal growth part
of electron transport chain energy metabolism
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 Types of Vitamins
Vitamin Niacin B6 (pyridoxine) Pantothenic
acid Folic acid B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Sources Liver, milk, whole grains, nuts, meats,
legumes Whole grains, meats, vegetables Meats,
dairy, whole grains Legumes, nuts, green leafy
vegetables, oranges, broccoli, peas, fortified
bread and cereal Meats, eggs, dairy products,
enriched cereals
Function Important in energy metabolism Important
for amino acid metabolism Needed for energy
metabolism Coenzyme involved in nucleic acid
metabolism prevents neural-tube defects in
developing fetuses Coenzyme in nucleic acid
metabolism maturation of red blood cells
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 Types of Vitamins
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Biotin Choline
Sources Citrus fruits, tomatoes, red or green
peppers, broccoli, cabbage, strawberries Legumes
, vegetables, meat Egg yolk, liver, grains,
legumes
Function Maintenance of cartilage and bone
antioxidant improves iron absorption important
for healthy gums, tissue repair, and wound
healing Coenzyme in synthesis of fat glycogen
formation amino acid metabolism Required for
phospholipids and neurotransmitters
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 Types of Minerals
Mineral Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Chlorine So
dium Magnesium Iron Fluorine Iodine Zinc
Sources Diary products salmon sardines kale
tofu collard greens legumes Dairy products
meats poultry grains Meats dairy products
many fruits and vegetables grains Table salt
processed foods Table salt processed
foods Whole grains green leafy
vegetables Meats eggs legumes whole grains
green leafy vegetables dried fruit Fluoridated
drinking water tea seafood Seafood dairy
products iodized salt Meats seafood
grains
Function Bone and tooth formation blood
clotting nerve and muscle function Bone and
tooth formation acid-base balance Acid-base
balance body water balance nerve
function Acid-base balance formation of gastric
juice Acid-base balance body water balance
nerve function Activation of enzymes in protein
synthesis Component of hemoglobin and of electron
carriers used in energy metabolism Maintenance of
tooth structure maintenance of bone
structure Component of thyroid hormones Component
of certain digestive enzymes
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 Food Guide Pyramid
Fats, Oils, and Sweets (use sparingly) Soft
drinks, candy, ice cream, mayonnaise, and other
foods in this group have relatively few valuable
nutrients.
Bread, Cereal, Riceand Pasta Group (6-11
servings) The foods at the base of the pyramid
are rich in complex carbohydrates and also
provide proteins, fiber, vitamins, and some
minerals.
Fats
Sugars
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Interest Grabber

• Dinner Is Served
• Remember the last time you sat down to a dinner
  of your favorite foods? Recall everything that
  you did before you swallowed your first bite.

1. Why do you cut up your food? 2. What role do
your teeth play in eating? 3. Saliva is the fluid
that is found in your mouth. What role do you
think it plays in eating?
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The Digestive System

• Also called the
• Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
• Alimentary canal
• Function
• Break down food
• Prepare it for absorption
• Eliminate waste

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 The Digestive System
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The Process of Digestion

• Two types of digestion
• Mechanical - physical breakdown of food
• Chemical - chemical breakdown of food
• A. Oral (Buccal) cavity - The Mouth
• 1. Teeth begins the mechanical digestion
• 2. Saliva contains digestive enzymes that help
  begin the chemical digestive process
• Hard palate anterior roof of the mouth
• Soft palate posterior roof of the mouth

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• Pharynx back of the throat
• Esophagus carries food from the pharynx to the
  stomach
• Stomach saclike structure located in the left
  upper quadrant (LUQ) that is made of rugae
  (folds)
• 3 main parts
• Fundus upper part
• Body-large central part
• Pylorus-funnel shaped part at the lower end of
  the stomach
• Chemical Digestion hydrochloric acid and
  enzymes
• Mechanical Digestion

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Peristalsis

• The movement of food through the gastrointestinal
  system

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• Small Intestines
• 20 foot long tube that extends from the pyloric
  sphinctor to the large intestines
• Consists of 3 parts
• Duodenum upper most part approx. 10 inches
  long
• Jejunum middle part - approx. 8 feet long
• Ileum lower part - approx. 12 feet long
• Digestion is completed here along
  with enzymes from the pancreas
  and liver
• Contains finger-like projections
  called villi that aid in
  absorption of nutrients into the
  bloodstream

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 The Small Intestine
Section 38-2
Small Intestine
Villus
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• Large Intestines
• Passageway for waste products beginning at the
  end of the ileum and extending to the anus
• About 5 feet in length
• Function is to absorb water and minerals and
  eliminate waste
• Cecum 2-3 inches
• Appendix small appendage
• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon
• Rectum
• Anus

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 The Liver and the Pancreas
Section 38-2
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Liver --largest gland solid organ of the body

• Manufactures blood proteins
• Stores iron, copper, vitamin A/D/ B12 and
  glycogen
• Produces bile for fat digestion
• Detoxifies blood poisons (absorbed in small
  intestine)

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Gallbladder

• Releases bile to emulsifies fat

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Pancreas

• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Insulin

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The Digestive Enzymes
Section 38-2
Site Mouth Stomach Small intestine(from
pancreas) Small intestine
Enzyme
Role in Digestion
Salivary amylase Pepsin Amylase Trypsin Lipase
Maltase, sucrase, lactase Peptidase
Breaks down starches into disaccharides Breaks
down proteins into large peptides Continues the
breakdown of starch Continues the breakdown of
protein Breaks down fat Breaks down remaining
disaccharides into monosaccharides Breaks down
dipeptides into amino acids.
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• Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
• Open sore in the digestive tract caused by
• Action of the hydrochloric acid
• Helicobacter pylori bacteria
• S/S
• Heartburn, abdominal pain
• Tx
• Antibiotics
• Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory
  
• drugs
• Avoiding caffeine, smoking, and
• alcohol

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• Hernia
• Protusion of any organ, tissue, or structure
  through the wall of the cavity in which it is
  naturally contained
• Inguinal - groin
• Umbilical - umbilicus
• Diaphragmatic - abdomen
• Hiatal - abdomen
• S/S
• Varies according to site
• Tx
• Surgical repair

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• Intestinal Obstruction
• Partial or complete blockage in the small or
  large intestines that prevents forward flow of
  digestive products caused by tumors, twisting of
  the intestines, scar tissue, etc.
• S/S
• Abdominal pain, vomiting
• Lack of bowel sounds
• Tx
• Insertion of an intestinal
  tube
• Surgery

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• Hemorrhoids
• Enlarged veins in the anal canal caused by
  pressure from straining during bowel movements,
  pregnancy, prolonged sitting
• S/S
• Bleeding, pain, itching
• Tx
• Cold compresses
• Stool softeners
• Analgesic ointments
• Surgical removal

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• Hepatitis
• Inflammation of the liver
• Hepatitis A - Infectious Hepatitis
• Hepatitis B or C - Serum Hepatitis
• S/S
• Hepatitis A nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• Hepatitis B, C possible flu-like symptoms, by
  may remain asymptomatic for years
• Both - Jaundice
• Tx
• Hepatitis A no specific tx available
• Hepatitis B- vaccination or immune globulin after
  exposure

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• Diverticulitis
• Small, blisterlike pockets develop in the inner
  lining of the large intestines and may balloon
  through the intestinal wall
• S/S
• Usually asymptomatic unless they become inflamed
• Pain in the LLQ, extreme
  constipation, or diarrhea,
  fever, occasional blood in the stool
• Tx
• Antibiotics
• Soft diet
• Surgery in severe cases