Travel and Tourism

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Travel and Tourism

• The structure of the industry

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• The structure of the industry is complex for the
  following reasons
• It consists of a wide range of interrelated
  commercial and non- commercial organisations.
• Most of these organizations are in the private
  sector and are small and medium sized.

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Commercial organisations

• These include private sector organisations such
  as
• Mystic Mountain
• Outameni
• Sandals group of hotels
• Iberostars

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Values and attitudes of commercial organisations

• A good way to determine their values and
  attitudes would be to look in detail at the
  organisations previously listed as examples and
  then
• define their objectives
• define their source of funding and methods of
  income

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• 3) define how they meet stakeholder or
  shareholder expectations.

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Non-commercial organisations

• These include public and voluntary sectors such
  as
• The Tourism Product Development Company (TPDCO)
• Jamaica Environmental Trust
• The Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB)

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Values and attitudes of non-commercial
organisations

• It is possible to determine the values and
  attitudes of these organizations by observing
• 1) their objectives
• 2) their source of funding and methods of income
• 3) their stakeholder or shareholder expectations

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Agencies delivering travel and tourism products
and services

• For this section of the syllabus the countries to
  be investigated are
• Jamaica
• Panama
• Paris
• The agencies are as follow
• 1) tourist attractions- built natural

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• tourist attractions- events as attractions and
  the facilities which these take place in
• 2) accommodation and catering- to include
  accommodation grading scheme
• 3) tourism development promotion- locally,
  regionally, and internationally
• 4) transportation by air by land by water

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• 5) travel agencies
• 6) Tour operators and the components of a package
  holiday
• Note that all of these individual component
  depend on each other, and that no single
  component exists on its own.

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The structure of the travel and tourism industry

• The management and development of tourist
  destinations

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• Destinations are places where there is tourism.
  Social, cultural, environmental and political
  conditions influence tourist destinations.
• The people who are responsible for destination
  management must try and ensure that tourism
  integrate with other social and economic
  activities of the particular area so that it can
  sustain future development.

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Objectives of tourism development

• Tourism occurs in the more economically-developed
  countries (MEDCs) and less economically-
  developed countries (LEDCs). Many developing
  countries of the world are engaged in tourism as
  a means of earning foreign exchange and to
  redress balance of payment ills . Mathews,
  (1997) Nettekoven (1976) , cited in Daye
  (p.24,1997)

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Objectives oF tourism development

• Organisations may get involved in tourism
  development for the following reasons
• Economic- examples include
• employment creation both direct and indirect
• increasing foreign currency earnings to
  contribute to the balance of payment and GDP

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• brining in tourists who spend locally and
  contribute to the multiplier effect
• increasing income for the commercial operators
• economic development and regeneration to develop
  the infrastructure and improve the local area and
  conditions for people.

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Objectives of tourism development

• Environmental examples include
• habitat preservation for wild life in an area
• regeneration and conservation of the built and
  natural environment
• environmental education of the local people and
  or tourists visiting the area
• stimulating environmental improvements of benefit
  to local people and wildlife as well as tourists

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Objectives of tourism development

• Socio-cultural- examples include
• promoting understanding
• improving quality of life for the local
  population
• providing community facilities, as well as
  facilities for tourists

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• revival of traditional activities, festivals and
  ceremonies to celebrate culture and develop a
  sense of pride in ones own identity

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Objectives of tourism

• Political examples include
• enhancing the image of an area is particular
  important to LEDCs or for countries that may be
  perceived in a negative way due to war or natural
  disasters
• creating a regional or national identity to
  boost domestic morale and encourage visitor
  numbers

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The structure of travel and tourism

• Impacts of tourism development

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Types of impact

• Economic- positive effects
• increased incomes
• increase foreign exchange
• Increase employment
• improved infrastructure
• multiplier effect

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Types of impact

• Economic- negative effects
• decline of traditional employment opportunities
• seasonality of employment
• increased living costs
• increased taxes

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Types of impact

• Socio-cultural positive effects
• preservation of customs and crafts
• provision of community facilities and public
  services
• aiding of international understanding
• encouraging travel, mobility and social
  integration

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Types of impact

• Socio-cultural negative effects
• conflicts with the host community
• crime
• loss of cultural identity
• the demonstration effect

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Types of impact

• Socio-cultural negative effects
• changes to family structure
• social problems such as begging and prostitution

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Types of impact

• Environmental positive effects
• improved assets
• landscaping
• conservation
• regeneration
• building regulations

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Types of impact

• Environmental negative effects
• traffic congestion
• erosion of natural resources
• pollution of air and water
• litter
• increase in noise levels

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Types of impact

• Environmental negative effects
• panoramic view damage
• destruction of different wild life systems and
  breeding patterns

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Objectives of tourism development

• Principles of destination management

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• The principles of successful tourism management
  include
• maximising the retention of visitor spending at
  the destination
• investing tourism income in public and social
  projects for local communities

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• 3) widening access to facilities and assets
• 4) staff training and development
• 5) training and employment of local people in
  tourism and related activities
• 6) tourism education

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Objectives of destination management

• The role of destination management in minimising
  negative impacts

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• Note that current issues and consumer trends such
  as those mentioned above can impact on tourism
  development.
• Destination management can minimise tourisms
  negative impacts through
• planning and control

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• using the principle of sustainable development
• visitor and traffic management
• assessing environmental impact

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Changes in the evolution of tourism development

• The Butler model

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• According to Butler (1980), all destinations
  follow a cycle of evolution and pass through
  stages similar to youth, maturity and old age.
• The consequence of which a particular destination
  will decline unless it can re-invent itself
  through a process called rejuvenation.

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• This cycle of evolution compared to the product
  life cycle (theory) by Butler reflects the
  following stages
• exploration
• involvement
• development
• consolidation

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• stagnation
• decline or rejuvenation

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Changes in the evolution of destinations

• Characteristics of destinations that influence
  their evolution

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• These factors include - key features of the
  destination
• 1) weather and climate
• 2) scenery and landscape
• 3) vegetation and wild life
• 4) historical and cultural attractions
• 5) modern built attractions

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• 6) indoor/outdoor activities
• 7) accommodation options
• 8) events and festivals
• 9) food /drink and entertainment
• 10) accessibility and gateways

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Characteristics of destinations that influence
their evolution

• Tourist appeal by visitor type
• young people
• singles
• families
• DINKY
• grey market

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• 6) special needs
• 7) business tourists

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Characteristics of destinations that influence
their evolution

• Visitor statistics
• recent trend
• projection for future
• stage in evolution using life cycle model

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Characteristics of destinations that influence
their evolution

• Factors influencing popularity
• cost of accommodation
• cost of transport
• costs at destination
• tour operator promotional activity
• over commercialization

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• 6) crime and social problems
• 7) political instability and unrest
• 8) terrorism
• 9) positive / negative media coverage
• 10) positive / negative tourism management
• 11) growth in independent travel
• 12) growth in short breaks

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• 13) exclusivity
• 14) increased accessibility
• 15) water / air/ noise hazard
• 16) natural disasters