Unit 1 - AP Objectives 1-4

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Unit 1 - AP Objectives 1-4 American and
European Societies before 1492

1. What were Native American societies like before
   Europeans arrived.
2. What changes occurred Europe that made
   exploration possible.
3. What impact did European arrival have on Native
   Americans.
4. To what extent did Native Americans resist
   European encroachment.

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• America Past and Present
• Chapter 1 New World Encounters
• NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORIES BEFORE CONQUEST
• The chapter opens with the story of a fatal
  misunderstanding between members of the
  Wicomesses and the Susquehannocks at a trading
  post owned by British Captain William Claiborne.
  After being embarrassed by the Susquehannocks in
  front of the Brits, the group of Wicomesses
  gained revenge by killing 5 of their mortal
  enemies and three Englishmen from the trading
  post. Wicomess leaders approached the governor of
  Maryland to offer to make amends. The governor
  then expected the natives to hand over the
  offenders to suffer British justice. The
  Wicomesses were astonished that the visitors
  assumed the right to be in control of this legal
  situation even though they were the ones who had
  encroached and were truly little more than
  visitors in 1635. This would, of course, be just
  the beginning of a grand series of
  misunderstandings that would change the culture
  and history of natives and Europeans forever.

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• Certainly there were people on the North American
  continent before the Europeans arrived, people
  who had populated the land for thousands of
  years.
• Their physical isolation (or absence of
  domesticated livestock) had protected them from
  various diseases such as smallpox, and measles,
  but that protection also meant a loss of
  immunity.
• By placing these complex, often unsettling
  experiences within an interpretive framework of
  creative adaptations-rather than of exploration
  or settlement-we go a long way toward recapturing
  the full human dimensions of conquest and
  resistance.

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Bering Straight Land Bridge
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Indian Virginia
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The Great Transformation Food, Climate, and
Culture Rapid population growth in the
Americas Sustained by abundant natural food
supplies Hunting and gathering Agricultural
cultivation SWbeans, corn and
squash Agricultural Revolution Revolutionized
early American cultures Stable food supplies
allowed other developments Material
culture Governmental hierarchies Permanent
villages 4 million Native Americans lived north
of Mexico at the time of the original
encounter with Europeans
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• Mysterious Disappearances
• Anasazi Pueblo culture was sophisticated (NM)
• Pueblo housing structures
• Irrigation canals for agriculture
• Hundreds of miles of roads
• Cahokia (Ill.) had a population of 30,000
• Large ceremonial burial mounds remain
• Both cultures disappeared before Europeans
  arrived, survivors dispersed and built new
  cultures

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Cahokia burial ground
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• Aztec Dominance
• Many impressive cultures inhabited Mexico and
  Central America
• Incas (Peru), Mayan and Toltec (Central Mexico)
• Built vast cities (perhaps 100,000 in some)
• Governed bureaucratically
• Developed hieroglyphics
• Had accurate solar calendars
• Aztecs (Valley of Mexico)
• Aggressive and warlike
• Conquered established city-states
• Tenochtitlan - major ceremonial center
• 250,000 residents
• Site of human sacrifice to Aztec sun god
  Huitzilopochtli
• Connected to agricultural cycle
• Victims blood fertility powers

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• Eastern Woodlands Culture (Check out the map on
  p.8)
• Fewer than 1 million on the Atlantic Coast
• Primarily subsisted on hunting and gathering,
  some agriculture
• Women cultivated maize while men hunted and
  fished
• English settlers were likely to cross paths with
  Algonquians (CAN)
• Powhatans (VA), Narragansetts (RI) and Abenakis
  (CAN)
• Spoke different dialects, did not communicate
  easily
• Were often enemies but shared cultural
  assumptions
• - Personal and familial bonds defined ones
  place
• kinship
• - The clan was the basic social unit
• - Authority was often egalitarian and loosely
  structured
• - Some matriarchal with women owning the
  planting fields
• and houses, maintaining tribal customs, and
  had a role
• in tribal govt
• Warfare was rare and conducted on a small scale
• Motivated by revenge for insult or attack
• Captives could be tortured or adopted
• Eastern Great Lakes Indians spoke Iroquoian
  dialects

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• THE INDIANS DISCOVER A NEW WORLD
• (Pretty clever of your authors, eh?) Perhaps
  they just want you to note that native cultures
  were profoundly changed by the influence of
  European explorers, conquerors, traders and
  settlers.
• Creative Adaptations
• 1. Natives desired fair and peaceful trade with
  Europeans
• 2. Natives and Europeans saw their own culture
  as superior, although each desired aspects of
  the others material culture
• 3. Communication was aided by sign language and
  gestures
• 4. Europeans tried to impose their culture,
  language and customs
• - Some natives converted to Christianity,
  others pacified the Europeans
• - Native women were less likely to embrace
  conversion
• - Preferred polygamy and systems that gave
  power, independence
• 5. Young natives rejected traditional European
  classroom education
• - In cases of intermarriage, the couple
  usually adopted native culture

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• Dependency Trade and Disease
• Interaction between natives and Europeans
• altered the landscape and led to debt
• Debt led to dependence
• Disease was more destructive than debt
• - Natives lacked natural immunity to
  smallpox, measles and the flu
• - Some historians estimate a 90-95 population
  loss
• - Perhaps led to the importation of slaves
• - Tribes who kept their distance were more
  likely to survive
• Population loss led some to question
  traditional religious beliefs
• Columbian Exchange - See Featured Essay (p.
  12-13)
• Ecological Revolution

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• WEST AFRICA ANCIENT AND COMPLEX SOCIETIES
• Islam was a major cultural force in W Africa
  starting in 1030 AD
• Muslim missionaries made many converts in this
  region
• Intricate trade networks linked regional
  cultures
• Mali, Benin and Kongo were major states during
  initial European contact
• Governments and languages varied widely within
  the region
• Euro contact began with the Portuguese
• Lateen (triangular) sails and new ship designs
  enabled these voyages
• African trade networks charges tolls and fees
  to Europeans
• Slave sales were negotiated as local currencies
• Slaves were readily used in the Madeira and
  Canary Islands
• (notenear the coast of Morocco)
• More Africans than Europeans emigrated to the
  America from
• 1650-1831

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Madeira and the Canaries
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• EUROPE ON THE EVE OF CONQUEST
• Yes, the Vikings were the first Europeans on
  American shores
• 984 AD - Eric the Red traveled from Iceland to
  Greenland
• His son Leif founded Vinland in Newfoundland
• see map of LAnse aux Meadows
• Other Europeans (Columbus) were unaware of these
  voyages

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L'Anse aux Meadows (from the French
L'Anse-aux-Méduses or "Jellyfish Cove") is an
archaeological site on the northernmost tip of
the island of Newfoundland, located in the
province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada,
where the remains of a Norse village were
discovered in 1960 by the Norwegian explorer
Helge Ingstad and his wife Anne Stine Ingstad,
an archaeologist. L'Anse aux Meadows was
determined to be Norse because of definitive
similarities between the characteristics of
structures and artifacts found at the site and
those of Greenlandic and Icelandic sites from
around A.D. 1000
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• Building New Nation-States
• - Ignorance, disease and provincial loyalties
  discouraged early exploration
• But, changed conditions led to a greater desire
  for exploration and trade population growth,
  general prosperity
• The Renaissance fostered an expansive outlook
• Improved food supplies
• Greater earnings for landlords-more people, more
  land needed
• More and desire for luxuries from Asia
• Centralized political authority-New Monarchs

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• Powerful Nation-States 1400s
• Tudors ended the War of the Roses
• between the Houses of Lancaster and York for
  the English crown
• Ferdinand and Isabellas union brought the
  reunification of
• Spain (Aragon and Castile) and the
  Reconquista-all of the Iberian peninsula united
  under Christian rulers
• Ancient knowledge of geography became more widely
  known
• Printing press/movable type facilitated
  communication- communications revolution 1440s
  Johann Gutenberg
• MAKING SENSE OF A NEW WORLD
• Those seeking the infamous Three Gs (God,
  Gold, Glory) spurred the urge for adventure in
  Spain - los conquistadores
• Spain became the leading world power in spite of
  a lack of natural resources
• Sugar plantations were created in the Canary
  Islands
• Native deaths led to the growth of African
  slavery
• The labor system was brutal

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• Calculating Risks and Rewards
• Our Italian friend Columbus made a plan to sail
  west to China
• Portugal wasnt funding
• The King thought Columbus underestimated the
  length of the voyage est. 3,000 nau. miles was
  10,600
• They funded Vasco de Gama and others instead
• Spain was interested hired Columbus
• King and Queen provided leadership and
• support for overseas exploration
• The voyage took Columbus to the W Indies
• Columbus returned three timesno gold or
  spices
• The new continent was named for Amerigo
  Vespucci
• Pope Alexander IV arranged for the Treaty of
  Tordesillas (1494)
• Prevented war over Asia
• Divided the new world between Portugal and
  Spain

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• The Conquistadores (Spainsh)
• These adventurers certainly left their mark
  on the Americas
• They desired instant wealth (not permanent
  settlements)
• Bernal Diazthe Caribbean Islands
• Hernan Cortes Cortez the Killer - Cuba,
  Mexico
• He apparently looked like a god (or at least
  an agent)
• The guns and horses were also quite
  impressive
• Montezumas indecision cost him dearly
• Spain and the conquistadors gained great
  wealth-precious metals
• From Plunder to Settlement
• Conquistadores were awarded encomiendas
• Main goalto re-establish royal authority
• Dominicans and Franciscans were also sent to
  protect and convert
• Bartolome de las Casas defended Indian
  rights-Historia de las Indias-some reforms as a
  result
• A mixing of cultures and peoples occurred
• Catholicism and native traditions combined
• La Virgen de Guadalupe-symbol of Mexican
  nationalism

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• Many single men came from Spain
• MestizosSpanish Indian
• MulattosSpanish black
• Other terms peninsularespure blood
  Spanish from Spain
• CriollosSpanish heritage but born in the New
  World
• A caste system helped keep folks in their
  places
• Spain could not rule these vast land claims
• - The area was too large and too distant
• - The treasure bankrupted the economy due
  to inflation
• Spain became dependent on American wealth

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• THE FRENCH CLAIM CANADA see map
• Jacques Cartier looked for a NW passage through
  the Americas (1534)
• Navigated through the Gulf of St. Lawrence
  (Left in 1542)
• Samuel de Champlain returned to settle the
  region in 1542
• French explorers hoped for three Gs also
• Rivers and Great Lakes helped establish a
  profitable trading network
• All exports and imports had to go
  through Quebec
• Pere Jacques Marquette traveled down the
  Mississippi
• Robert de LaSalle followed the river through the
  Gulf of Mexico
• Louisiana was then established
• New Orleans was the most important port city
  on the Gulf
• Priests (Jesuits and Recollects) had some
  success at conversion
• Small population and harsh weather hampered
  Frances imperial dreams
• French viewed the natives as necessary economic
  partners
• French crown remained indifferent to Canadian
  affairs

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• THE ENGLISH ENTER THE COMPETITION
• John Cabot and his son Sebastian sailed for
  England and explored the Hudson Bay while looking
  for a NW passage
• England behind in exploration a. Henry VIII
  no standing army, small navy
• b. international diplomacy-English
  merchants enjoyed
• limited rights to trade in Spains
  Am. colonies
• Birth of English Protestantism
• Yes, the Reformation.
• Henry VIII (Tudor) broke with the Catholic
  Church over some great matter of theology
• Cardinal Thomas Woley did his part to sway the
  people
• flaunted his wealth-symbol of spiritual
  corruption led to anticlericalism
• Pope Clement VII refused the kings request for
  an Annulment - this got Henry angry
• The King severed ties with the Church, assumed
  property leadership of the new Church of
  England (1534)

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• Henry and many others continued as observant
  Catholics
• Land owned by Cath. Church passed into private
  hands-gave people a vested interest in
  Protestantism
• Mary I (the first) attempted to return England to
  the Church
• Dissenters were martyred (recorded by John Foxe)
• Book of Martyrs
• Mary died, Protestants returned now Marian
  exiles exposed to Calvinism become leaders of the
  Elizabethan church
• Elizabeth I established English Protestantism
• Max Weber-German sociologist-argues Protestant
  ethic led to diligence, large profits thus
  economic impact

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• Militant Protestantism
• The Reformation proper begins in Germany 1517
  Martin Luther
• God spoke to ordinary men through the Bible
• Indulgences and rituals did not gain one
  salvation
• Salvation was through faith alone
• John Calvin (Swiss) stressed Gods omnipotence
  the idea of the elect
• The elect would exhibit proper holy behavior
  predestination
• Not knowing whether or not you were saved
  caused a bit of tension
• French Huguenots and Scottish Presbyterians
  shared these beliefs
• Those in England who shared these beliefs were
  known as Puritans
• Woman in Power
• The Pope referred to her as a woman of
  illegitimate birth
• Elizabeth pursued moderate change, preserved
  old rituals
• Radical change and persecution seemed
  impractical to her
• Pope Pius V excommunicated her
• Spain vowed to restore England to the Church and
  overthrow theTudors

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• Religion, War and Nationalism
• English Protestantism became an accepted part
  of the national identity
• English Sea Dogs seized Spanish treasure for
  the Virgin Queen
• Philip II constructed the Spanish Armada to
  counteract the arrogant Brits
• The small, maneuverable British fleet defeated
  the Armada
• IRISH BACKGROUND FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT
• English settlers inhabited N Ireland in hopes
  of civilizing the inhabitants
• The natives were Gaelic-speaking Catholics
  who did not take well to
• rule by British Protestants
• This conflict will continueWilliam Wallace
  anyone?
• English Conquest of Ireland
• The English ridiculed Irish pastoral farming,
  customs, superstitions, etc
• The English began to structure Irish society
  as it ought to be
• English Brutality
• Irish resistance to English rule led to
  violence and brutality
• Sir Humphrey Gilbert beheaded captors
• Conquest in Ireland led to conquest in the
  Americas-here the English first learned to subdue
  a foreign population.

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• After Irish Catholic rebellion and civil war,
  Oliver Cromwell, on behalf of the English
  Commonwealth, re-conquered Ireland during the
  time from 1649 to 1651. Under Cromwell's
  government, landownership in Ireland was
  transferred overwhelmingly to Protestant
  colonists.

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• AN UNPROMISING BEGINNING
• Roanoke Mystery
• Elizabeth I granted the land to Sir Walter
  Raleigh but didnt help w/ -
• Sir Walter Raleigh founded Roanoke in
  1584-difficult to reach on
• NC Outer Banks see map
• When Sir Francis Drake returned from a Caribbean
  voyage and visited
• Roanoke colonists all went home
• 1587-Ralegh launched a second colony
• John White was left in charge The
  settlers landed on Roanoke Island on July 22
  1587. On August 18, White's daughter (Eleanor)
  delivered the first English child born in the
  Americas Virginia Dare.
• Spanish Armada severed as communication
• -all Eng. vessels in military service so no
  ship arrived.
• When Raleigh returned, the colony was gone
• Croaton? Ask Stephen King
• Failure of Roanoke colony may have been a
  blessing in disguise
• Spanish would be aware of English intrusion and
  send out an expedition
• or build forts on entire coast and it was likely
  the English would not return

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• Dreams of Possession
• Richard Hakluyt the Younger published The
  Principall Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries
  of the English Nation (1589)
• He told readers they would reap without sowing,
  ignored toil and suffering
• Hakluyts central point-England needed American
  colonies they were essential to the nations
  prosperity and independence
• His writings greatly encouraged
  colonization-without him the dream of American
  colonization might have died in England.

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