Endocrine System

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Endocrine System
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Learning Objectives Endocrine System

• Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones.
• Gain an understanding of the functions of these
  hormones in the body.
• Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine
  glands and their hormones.

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Learning Objectives (contd.)

• Identify abnormal conditions resulting from
  excessive and deficient secretions of the
  endocrine glands.
• Describe laboratory tests and clinical procedures
  related to endocrinology, and recognize relevant
  abbreviations.
• Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical
  terms in their proper contexts, such as medical
  reports and records.

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The Endocrine System p. 746

• Glands release hormones
• Hormones regulate the many and varied functions
  of an organism
• Hormones bind to receptors
• Receptors are recognition sites in the various
  target tissues on which hormones act
• http//study.com/academy/lesson/hormones-definitio
  n-function-intro-to-the-endocrine-system.html

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Two Types of Glands

• ENDOCRINE glands
• Secrete their hormones directly into the
  bloodstream
• EXOCRINE glands
• Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk,
  saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body.
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vVBwCBdd0ru8

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Glands page 747
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Thyroid Gland page 748
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Thyroid Function page 748

• Two hormones secreted by thyroid
• thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
• triiodothyronine (T3)
• Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of
  oxygen and regulate metabolic rate

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Thyroid Gland

• Calcitonin stimulates calcium to leave the blood
  and enter the bone
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vbsM5-PV_ObQ
• New hormone recently discovered

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Thyroid Gland Hormones and Actions
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Parathyroid Gland - page 749
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Parathyroid Glands page 750
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Parathyroid Function

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the
  bloodstream

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Adrenal Glands page 751
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ADRENAL GLANDS

• Each gland has two parts
• an outer portion, the adrenal cortex
• Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals
  derived from cholesterol
• an inner portion, adrenal medulla
• Secretes catecholamines
• chemicals derived from amino acids

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Adrenal CORTEX Secretes

• Glucocorticoids influence metabolism of sugars,
  fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are
  anti-inflammatory (cortisone).
• Influences--SUGAR
• Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolytes
• Aldosterone reabsorption of sodium/excretion of
  potassium. InfluencesSALT (and BLOOD PRESSURE)
• Gonadocorticoids androgens and estrogens.
  Influences--SEX

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Adrenal MEDULLA Secretes

• Two types of catecholamine hormones
• Epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate
  and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes,
  releases glucose from storage
• Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) constricts
  vessels to raise blood pressure

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The Adrenal Cortexand Adrenal Medulla
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Pancreas page 752

• Located near and partially behind stomach
• Exocrine and endocrine organ

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Pancreas Function

• islets of Langerhans produce
• Insulin promotes movement of glucose into cells
  and promotes storage as glycogen
• Glucagon promotes movement of glucose into the
  blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver
  cells

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Pancreas Function
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Pituitary Gland page 753

• Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella
  turcica) also called the hypophysis
• Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
• Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
• Hypothalmus controls secretions of the pituitary
  via releasing factors (hormones)

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Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Function page 754

• Anterior Pituitary secretes the following
  hormomes
• Growth hormone (GH) increases bone and tissue
  growth
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH thyrotropin)

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Pituitary Function

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates
  cortisol secretion
• Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
• Prolactin (PRL)

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Pituitary Function (contd.)

• Posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones
  synthesized in the hypothalamus
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH vasopressin)
  increases water reabsorption by kidneys
• Oxytocin (OT)

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Pituitary Gland Hormones and Actions page 755
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Ovaries and Testes Hormones and Actions page
755-756
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Table 18-2

• See page 756 for summary of major endocrine
  glands, hormones they produce, and their actions.

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COMBINING FORMS page 760

• GLANDS
• aden/o gland
• adren/o adrenal glands
• adrenal/o adrenal glands

Combining Form Meaning
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Combining Forms

• Combining Form Meaning
• gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes)
• pancreat/o pancreas
• parathyroid/o parathyroid gland

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Page 760 - Glands

• pituitar/o pituitary gland
• thyr/o thyroid gland
• thyroid/o thyroid gland

Combining Form Meaning
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Combining Forms - Page 760-761

• andr/o male
• calc/o, calici/o calcium
  (hypocalcemia)
• cortic/o cortex, outer region
• crin/o secrete (endocrine)

Combining Form Meaning
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Combining Forms

• Combining Form Meaning
• dips/o thirst (poly dipsia)
• estr/o female
• gluc/o, glyc/o sugar (hyperglycemia
  )

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Glands - Page 761
Combining Form Meaning

• home/o sameness
• hormon/o hormone
• kal/I potassium (an electrolyte)

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Glands

• Combining Form Meaning
• lact/o milk
• myx/o mucus
• natr/o sodium

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Glands - Page 762
Combining Form Meaning

• phys/o growing
• somat/o body (somatotropin)
• ster/o solid structure

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Glands

• Combining Form Meaning
• toc/o childbirth
• toxic/o position
• ur/o urine

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Suffixes - page 763
Suffix Meaning

• -agon assemble, gather together
• -emia blood condition
• -in, -ine a substance

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Suffixes

• Suffix Meaning
• tropin stimulating the function of
• -uria urine condition

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Prefixes - page 763

• eu- good, normal (euthyroid)
• hyper- excessive, above
• hypo- deficient, below
• oxy- rapid, sharp, acid

Prefix Meaning
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Prefixes

• Prefix Meaning
• pan- all
• tetra- four
• tri three

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QUICK QUIZ

• Which term means a blood condition of too little
  potassium?
• hyperkalemia
• hypocalcemia
• hypercalciuria
• hypokalemia

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Thyroid Abnormalities page 764

• Goiter Enlargement of the thyroid
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vSVSBo065hmw

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Thyroid Abmormalities

• Hypersecretion
• Hyperthyroidism
• Graves disease Autoimmune
• Exophthalmos and proptosis

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Thyroid Abnormalities

• Hyposecretion
• Hypothyroidism
• Myxedemaswelling of the skin and underlying
  tissues giving a waxy consistency, typical of
  patients with underactive thyroid glands.
• Cretinism characterized by physical deformity, dw
  arfism, and mentalretardation, and often by goiter
  .
• Neoplasms
• Thyroid carcinoma

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Thyroid carcinoma
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Parathyroid Abnormalities page 765

• Hypersecretion
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Loss of bone density
• Kidney stones
• Hypercalcemia
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vsD9st1ZPFrQ

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Parathyroid Abnormalities

• Hyposecretion
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Deficient production of parathyroid hormone leads
  to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany

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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex page 766

• Hypersecretion
• adrenal virilism excessive androgens
• amenorrhea (absence of menstruation),
  hirsutism, acne, voice deepening
• Cushing syndrome excessive cortisol
• Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition

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hirsutism
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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex

• Hyposecretion
• Addison disease low cortisol and aldosterone
  levels
• hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood
  pressure

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Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla page 767

• Pheochromocytoma
• Benign tumor of adrenal medulla
• Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches,
  sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms

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Abnormalities of the Pancreas

• Hypersecretion
• Hyperinsulinism excessive secretion of insulin
  causing
• Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting

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Pancreas

• Hyposecretion
• Diabetes mellitus
• Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of
  insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat
  metabolism in cells
• Type 1 childhood onset typically
• Type 2 adult onset typically

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Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
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Abnormalities Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe)

• Hypersecretion
• acromegaly
• gigantism
• Hyposecretion
• dwarfism
• panhypopituitarism

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Abnormalities Pituitary Gland (Posterior Lobe)

• Hypersecretion
• Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
• Excess ADH
• Excess water retention
• Hyposecretion
• Diabetes insipidus
• Deficient ADH
• Polyuria and polydipsia

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Review Abnormal Conditions of Endocrine Glands
page 748
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Laboratory Tests page 748

• Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
• Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has
  fasted at least 4 hours
• Serum and urine tests
• Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc. in
  blood and urine as indicators of endocrine
  function
• Thyroid function tests
• Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream

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Clinical Procedures page 749

• exophthalmometry
• computed tomography (CT) scan
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head
• radioactive iodine uptake
• thyroid scan
• ultrasound examination

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QUICK QUIZ

• What is the pathologic condition in which
  enlargement of the extremities is caused by
  hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after
  puberty?
• Addison disease
• acromegaly
• Cushing syndrome
• Graves disease