Matter

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Chapter 18

• Matter

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Section 1 Atoms

• A. Matteranything that has mass and takes up
  space
• 1. Matter is made up of tiny particles called
  atoms.
• 2. Substances that contain only one type of atom
  are elements.
• 3. Elements are found in the Periodic Table

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• B. Three basic particles make up an atom
  protons,neutrons, and electrons.
• 1. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an
  atom.
• a. Protonsparticles that have a positive
  electric charge
• b. Neutronsparticles that have no electrical
  charge
• - The nucleus has a positive charge.

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• 2. Electronsnegatively charged particles that
  move around the nucleus
• a.      Electrons are found in energy levels
  around the nucleus
• b.     First energy level can hold 2 electrons
• c.      Second energy level can hold a maximum of
  8 electrons

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• d.      Third energy level can hold 18 electrons
• e.     Fourth energy level can hold 32 electron
• f.      N(squared) x 2 of electrons in the
  energy level (N is the energy level)
• g.     Draw the model for Carbon, Nitrogen,
  Chlorine and Sodium
• Show the nucleus and electron cloud

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• 3. Atomic numberthe number of protons in an
  atoms nucleus
• a. All atoms of a specific element have the same
  atomic number.
• b. This number also equals the number of
  electrons in the atoms electron cloud.

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• 4. Mass numberthe number of protons and neutrons
  making up an atoms nucleus

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• 5. Using the periodic Table find the number of
  electrons, protons and neutrons for
• a.      Na
• b.     Mg
• c.      I
• d.     Cl
• e.      Au
• f.       Fe

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• C. Isotopesatoms of the same element that have
  different numbers of neutrons

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• Discussion Question
• It was once thought that the atom was the
  smallest particle possible. Why is that no longer
  believed?  
• We now know that atoms are made up of even
  smaller particles protons, neutrons, and
  electrons.

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Section 2 Combinations of Atoms
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• A. When atoms of more than one element combine,
  they form a compound.
• B. Chemical propertydescribes a change that
  occurs when one substance reacts with another
  substance

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• C. Bondthe force that holds atoms in compounds
  together
• - Compound form to become stable
• - Atoms are stable when their outer energy level
  is full or when they have eight electron in their
  outer energy level
• - There are two type of bonds that make compounds
  

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• 1.     Covalent bonds form by sharing electrons.
• 2. Atoms that combine if they become positively
  or negatively charged have ionic bonds.
• a.      They become positive or negative by
  gaining or losing electrons
• b.     Electrically charged atoms are called
  ions.
• c. Ions are attracted to each other when they
  have opposite charges.

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• Other types of bonds
• 3. Metallic bondselectrons are free to move from
  one ion to the other.
• a. Found in metals such as copper, gold,
  aluminum, and silver
• b. Give metals the ability to conduct electricity

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• 4. Hydrogen bondsform when the positive end of
  one molecule is attracted to the negative end of
  another molecule
• a. Form without the interaction of electrons
• b. Responsible for the property of
  cohesionallows water to form raindrops
• c. Hydrogen bonds are easily broken.

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Water strider not heavy enough to break hydrogen
bonds
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Cohesion
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Cohesion and hydroplaning
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Mixture and solutions
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• D. Mixturetwo or more substances that are not
  chemically combined
• 1. Heterogeneous mixturecomponents not mixed
  evenly each component retains its own
  properties.
• 2. Homogenous mixturecompounds evenly mixed
  cant see each component also called solutions

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Vinegar and oil-heterogeneous
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Sugar water- Solution
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Homogeneous Rubbing alcohol isopropanol water
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• 3.     The components of a mixture can be
  separated by physical means.
• a.      Ex. Marbles from wood chips
• 4. The components of a compound must be separated
  by chemical means. To break down compounds,
  several steps are required

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• Discussion Question
• Why are materials with metallic bonds malleable,
  or easily shaped?
• Their electrons are free to move from one ion to
  the other.

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18.3 Properties of Matter
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• A. Physical propertiesproperties you can observe
  without changing a substance into a new substance
• 1. One physical property is density, which is an
  objects mass divided by its volume.
• 2. The measurement of density is usually given in
  grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ).
• 3. An object less dense than water will float in
  water.

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density The concentration of matter in an object





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Oil is less dense then water
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States of matter
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• B. Four physical states of matter solid, liquid,
  gas, and plasma
• 1. Solidsthe matters atoms are in a fixed
  position relative to each other
• 2. Liquidsatoms are attracted to each other, but
  can change positions with each other

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• 3. Gasesatoms have almost no attractive force on
  each other, so atoms move freely and will fill
  the entire container they are placed in
• 4. Plasmaelectrons can escape and move outside
  of the ions electron cloud.
• a. The most common state of matter in the
  universe
• b. Stars and lightning bolts are composed of
  matter in the plasma state.

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Plasma Crest
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• C. Matter can change from one state to another.
• 1. Changes in state can occur because of
  increases or decreases in temperature and
  pressure.
• a. Matter is changed from a liquid to a solid at
  its freezing point.
• b. Matter is changed from a liquid to
  a gas at its boiling point.
• 2. When matter changes state, its chemical
  properties do not change, but physical properties
  may change

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• D. Properties of Water
• 1.     Surface Tension -water is sticky and
  elastic, and tends to clump together in drops
  rather than spread out in a thin film.
• a.      Caused by hydrogen bonds
• 2.     Only natural substance that is found in
  all three states -- liquid, solid (ice), and gas
  (steam)

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• 3.     Water freezes at 32o Fahrenheit (F) and
  boils at 212o F
• a.      0o on the Celsius scale is water's
  freezing point, and 100o is water's boiling
  point.
• 4.     Water has a high specific heat index. This
  means that water can absorb a lot of heat before
  it begins to get hot.

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• 5.     Water is called the "universal solvent"
  because it dissolves more substances than any
  other liquid.
• 6.     Ice is less dense then water

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• Discussion Question
• What happens to its molecules when matter changes
  from a liquid to a gas?
• Atoms spread out and move farther away from one
  another.