Land Navigation

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Land Navigation

• Map Reading

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Basic Map Skills

• Identify Map colors
• Identify Map Symbols
• Identify Marginal Information
• Identify Terrain Features

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Basic Map Skills

• Identify Grid
• Identify Elevation
• Grid vs. Magnetic Azimuth
• Determine Azimuth
• Back Azimuth
• Determine Distance

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Map Colors

• Black - Indicates cultural (man-made) features
  such as buildings and roads, surveyed spot
  elevations, and all labels
• Red-Brown - Combined to identify cultural
  features, all relief features, non-surveyed spot
  elevations, and elevation, such as contour lines
  on red-light readable maps

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Map Colors

• Blue - Identifies hydrography or water features
  such as lakes, swamps, rivers, and drainage
• Green - Identifies vegetation with military
  significance, such as woods, orchards, and
  vineyards
• Brown - Identifies all relief features and
  elevation, such as contours on older edition
  maps, and cultivated land on red-light readable
  maps

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Map Colors

• Red - Classifies cultural features, such as
  populated areas, main roads, and boundaries, on
  older maps
• Other - Occasionally other colors may be used to
  show special information. These are indicated in
  the marginal information as a rule

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VGT 5
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VGT 6
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VGT 7
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VGT 8
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Identify Map Symbols

• Refer to Legend

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Marginal Information

• Geographic area and scale - top left
• Name of map sheet - top center
• Map edition, map series, and map sheet number -
  top right
• Legend - bottom left
• Bar scale, contour interval, grid reference box,
  and declination diagram - bottom center
• Elevation guide, adjoining map sheet diagram, and
  boundaries box - bottom right

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Terrain Features - Major

• Hill
• Ridge
• Valley
• Saddle
• Depression

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Terrain Features - Minor

• Draw
• Spur

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Terrain Features - Supplementary

• Cliff
• Cut
• Fill

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Identify a Grid
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VGT 23
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VGT 24
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Identifying a Grid

• Read Right then Up
• Bottom left corner identifies first two digits
  I.e. 12__56__
• Use coordinate scale to identify last two digits
  I.e. __34__78
• Add proper grid zone designator to front I.e. AB
  ________

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Identify Elevation
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Elevation

• Locate point on the map
• Determine contour interval of map
• Locate index contour line nearest point
• Count number of contour lines up or down that
  must be crossed to get to point
• Points at top of hill add half the contour
  interval
• Points at bottom of depression subtract half the
  contour interval

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Grid vs. Magnetic Azimuth
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THREE NORTH'S
G N
N
TRUE NORTH
MAGNETIC NORTH
GRID NORTH
VGT 32
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Determine Azimuth
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VGT 55
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Determine Azimuth

• Plot location of two points
• Use straight edge to draw line between both
  points (line must be long enough to cross scale
  on protractor)
• Use protractor to determine azimuth

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VGT 43
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VGT 44
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VGT 45
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VGT 46
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VGT 59
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Determine Back Azimuth
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Back Azimuth

• Back Azimuth - azimuth taken from a distant point
  toward your location
• Used in Resection
• Numbers less than 180 - add 180
• Numbers greater than 180 - subtract 180

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Determine Distance
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Determine Distance

• Straight Line
• Use edge of paper and mark distance between
  points
• Line paper up next to scale to determine distance
• Road Distance
• Break curve into series of straight lines and
  measure from curve to curve
• Line paper up next to scale to determine distance

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Advanced Skills

• Intersection
• Resection

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PRACTICAL EXERCISE
TENINO
YOU ARE AT A STRUCTURE IN AN UNKNOWN
LOCATION. YOU DETERMINE THAT SPOT ELEVATION\
215 IN GRID SQUARE EG1686 IS ON A MAGNETIC
AZIMUTH OF 358 1/2 DEGREES. YOU ALSO SEE THE
WATER TOWER IN GRID SQUARE EG1185. IT IS ON A
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH OF 290 DEGREES FROM YOUR
POSITION. DETERMINE WHICH STRUCTURE YOU ARE
LOCATED AT TO WITHIN 100 METERS.
VGT 40