Ecology

1
Ecology

• Big Ideas

2
Energy

• Energy flows through every ecological system
• Inputs what goes into the ecosystem
• Outputs what goes out of the system

3
Food Webs

• Increased biodiversity means a healthier ecosystem

4
Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels

• 10 Energy Transfer
• Producers make up largest biomass

5
Bioaccumulations

• Toxins cannot be removed and increase in amount
  between trophic levels

6
Carbon Cycle

• Cycles carbon through the ecosystem
• Contains photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• Opposite chemical reactions

7
Nitrogen Cycle

• Cycles nitrogen through the system
• Bacteria takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and
  transfers it to plants

8
Population Growth

• Populations will grow exponentially if there are
  no limiting factors

9
Population Growth

• Populations will reach carrying capacity because
  of limiting factors which include
• Abiotic (non-living)
• Space Water
• Biotic (living)
• Food Predators

10
Population Density

• Population Density is the number of living things
  in an area
• Example
• 500 moose in 10 sq. miles 50 moose per mile

11
General Ecology

• Non-native species usually DIE in a new
  environment, some survive and take over if they
  have no predators

12
Sustainability

• Maintaining resources for future use
• Choices we can make now that support
  sustainability
• Substituting renewable (?) for non-renewable (?)
  resources
• Recycling
• Using fewer resources

13
DNA and Genetics

• Big Ideas

14
DNA Genetics

• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid is a code for your
  physical (phenotype) traits
• 
  -? PHYSICAL
• 
  TRAIT

15

• Proteins can be used to make body structures,
  hormones and enzymes
• Enzymes act to speed up (catalyze) chemical
  reactions in the body
• Ex. Digestion of food, making DNA, and
  regulating glucose

16
Genetics Vocabulary

• Phenotype What your physically look like
• Ex. Blue Eyes OR Brown Eyes
• Genotype What your genes are
• Ex. Bb, bb, or BB

17
Vocabulary

• Dominant Trait/gene that is shown
• Ex. BB Brown Eyes Bb Brown Eyes
• Recessive Trait/gene that is hidden by a
  dominant gene
• Ex. bb Blue Eyes Bb Brown Eyes

18
Vocabulary

• Heterozygous different genes
• Ex. Bb for Brown Eyes
• Homozygous same genes
• Ex. bb for Blue Eyes

19

• Punnett Square used to predict offspring
• Ex. Two heterozygous bunnies are crossed black
  fur is the dominant trait
• Phenotype ratio
• Ex. 25 white bunnies, 75 black bunnies
• Genotype ratio
• Ex. 25 bb, 50 Bb, 25 BB

F
f


F
FF
Ff
f
Ff
ff
20
Punnett Square Practice Small Whiteboards


21
Earlobes (E)

• A detached earlobe man (EE) has children with an
  attached earlobe woman (ee).
• What are the possible genotypes (gene
  combination)?
• What are the possible phenotypes (physical
  trait)?

22

• A blue eyed male mates with a blue eyed female,
  what color eyes could the offspring have?
• Blue eyes are recessive

23

• A heterozygous tongue roller (Tt) mates with a
  non-tongue roller (tt), what percentage of their
  children will be tongue rollers?

24
Ear Wiggling (W)

• What is the probability (percentage) that two
  homozygous recessive people will have a child
  that can wiggle their ears?

• Can move ears Dominant (although this may be
  variable)
• Cant move ears Recessive

25

• A homozygous recessive female with freckles (f)
  mates with a homozygous dominant male without
  freckles (F), what genotypes could their
  offspring have?

26

• What is the percent chance two heterozygous
  tongue roller will have a non-tongue roller
  offspring?

27
Mitosis and Meiosis and Evolution

• Big Ideas

28
Mitosis

• Mitosis produces two IDENTICAL cells from one
  cell for growth and repair

29
Meiosis

• Meiosis produces four UNIQUE sex cells for
  reproduction
• Females Eggs
• Males Sperm
• Allows for differences (variation) in populations

30
Mitosis and Meiosis
31
Evolution

• Evolution change over time

All living things are related to a COMMON
ANCESTOR!!!
32
Evidence of Evolution

• Evidence
• Presence of Fossils found in rock layers
• Homologous and Vestigial Structures
• Homologous Similar Structures
• Vestigial Unused structures whale pelvis,
  human wisdom teeth

33

• Fossil Record

• Homologous Structures

34
Evidence of Evolution

• DNA Comparisons
• Humans and mice are 99 similar in DNA, so they
  are closely related
• Embryos
• Closely related organisms have similar embryos

35

• DNA Comparisons

• Embryos

36
Natural Selection

• Natural Selection survival of the fittest,
  failure of the worst
• The goal of life is to survive and reproduce
• Based on ability to survive in environment

37

• Mutations in DNA can (not always) lead to
  unique traits, which may help or hinder
  survival!!

Organism Environment Unique Trait
Bunny Rabbit Winter  
Cactus Desert  
Cheetah African Savanna  
Chameleon Jungle  
Peacock Mating Season
38
Mutations
39
Balancing Biological Systems

• Homeostasis

40

• Homeostasis regulation of systems to maintain
  balance
• Two things can affect homeostasis
• Negative Feedback
• Positive Feedback

41
Negative Feedback

• Negative Feedback increase causes decrease,
  decrease causes increase
• Ex. Automatic Thermostat if temperature
  decreases in room, then the temperature increases
• Negative ? bad

42
(No Transcript)
43
Positive Feedback

• Positive Feedback increase causes increase
  decrease causes decrease
• Ex. No shower for 2 weeks smell from bacteria
  growth increases on a daily basis
• Positive ? good

44
(No Transcript)
45
Negative or Positive Feedback??
N
P
N
P
46
Choose two examples to complete a Negative
Feedback Loop AND a Positive Feedback Loop

• Identify what HOMEOSTASIS would be
• Explain the STIMULUS that tells us homeostasis is
  not in balance
• Identify the CONTROL CENTER in the body (if there
  is one) that recognizes the stimulus
• Explain what RESPONSE occurs

47
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Big Ideas

48
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
  opposite chemical reactions

49

• Photosynthesis plants take carbon dioxide (CO2)
  and water (H2O) and make glucose (C6H12O6) and
  oxygen (O2)
• Plants make their own food!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

50

• Cellular Respiration plants AND animals make
  energy (ATP) by transforming glucose (C6H12O6)and
  oxygen (O2) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
  (H2O)
• CHEMICAL Energy in glucose is transformed into
  the energy to live (ATP)
• Very similar to setting something on fire
  (combustion), which releases carbon dioxide (CO2)
  into the atmosphere

51
(No Transcript)