War and Peace

1
War and Peace

• HIS 1302 Chapter 27

2
The Road to Pearl Harbor

• Relations between Japan and the US deteriorated
  after Japan resumed its war against China in 1937
• Neither the US or Japan desired war.
• Roosevelt considered Nazi Germany to be a more
  dangerous enemy and dreaded the prospect of a
  two-front war

3

• Cordell Hulls demands
• Moderate viewpoint
• US retaliation against Japan over Indochina
• Japanese militarism
• Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

4
Mobilizing the Home Front

• - Emergency Powers
• Democratic majorities slim
• Conservatives in Congress fiscal oversight
• Characteristics of FDR (leader, not
  administrator common sense)
• Financing the war, ration, taxes, economic
  controls

5

• Lack of centralized authority impeded
  mobilization, but production expanded
  dramatically
• Manufacturing nearly doubled agricultural
  output rose 22 percent
• Unemployment nearly disappeared
• Productive capacity and per capita output
  increased especially dramatically in the South

6
The War Economy

• James F. Byrnes economic czar
• Office of War Mobilization controlled
  production, consumption, priorities, prices
• National War Labor Board arbitrated disputes and
  stabilized wages
• Despite rationing and wage regulations, American
  citizens experienced no real hardships during the
  war.

7

• Organized labor wars effects on collective
  bargaining
• Effect on Redistribution of wealth
• Wealthiest 1 13.4 in 1935
• Dropped to 6.7 in 1944
• Income tax extended

8
War and Social Change

• American mobility
• Migration to jobs military posts
• Wartime prosperity more marriages, higher
  birthrate

9
Minorities - Blacks

• Effect of Hitlers policies
• Arguments of black leaders
• Blacks in the military
• Effects of wartime economy
• Educational opportunities
• Great migration continues
• Political clout
• NAACP

10

• Fair Employment Practices Commission
• Race Riots?
• Mexican labor
• Zoot Suit Riots
• American Indians

11
Treatment of German- and Italian-Americans

• WWII produced less intolerance than WWI
• Better able to distinguish between foreigners and
  Americans
• American immigrants more opposed to German and
  Italian policies
• More politically active

12
Internment of the Japanese

• 112,000 Japanese Americans relocated into
  internment camps
• Fear of political disloyalty, and the public was
  aroused by racial prejudice and Pearl Harbor
• Hirabayashi vs. US (1943) upheld restrictions
• Ex Parte Endo (1944) Supreme Court forbade
  interment of loyal Americans

13
Womens Contribution

• Workforce
• Women in male roles
• Black Women
• Dual roles workplace and home
• Support networks declined
• War-brides and separation

14
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15
Allied Strategy Europe First

• Japanese threat was remote, Hitler was the
  greatest threat was working to knock USSR out
  of the war
• US and USSR wanted to establish a second European
  front in France
• Churchill wanted strategic bombing raids on
  German cities and invasion of North Africa
  Churchill got his way

16

• 1942 Allied planes began to bomb German cities,
  and an Allied force under Eisenhower invaded
  Africa
• Rommels Afrika Corps surrendered in May 1943
• Fall of 1943, USSR checked the Nazi advance at
  Stalingrad and the Allies were pushing their way
  up the Italian Peninsula

17
Germany Overwhelmed

• D-Day, June 6, 1944
• Millions of Soviet troops slowly pushed back the
  Axis lines
• While Allies prepared for a general advance, the
  Germans launched a counterattack
• Battle of the Bulge, costs and gains?

18

• May 8, 1945
• Death camps
• Early news and FDRs response

19
Naval War in the Pacific

• 1st priority Germany
• 2nd priority stop Japanese expansion
• Battle of Coral Sea
• Midway turning point

20
Island Hopping

• Goal of Island hopping
• Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
• Mid 1944 in range of Tokyo
• Feb. 1945 Philippines, Leyte Gulf
• Okinawa and Iwo Jima
• Characteristic of Japanese fighting men

21
Atomic Bomb

• FDR dies in April 1945 Harry S Truman becomes
  President
• July learns of the A-bomb
• Decisions?
• Desire to end the war quickly?
• USSR intervention
• Hatred of the Japanese
• Use of the bombs
• Effects
• United Nations

22
Wartime Diplomacy

• No peace Split between US and USSR
• Propaganda
• Wartime image
• Reality (Post-War image)
• Big Three established European Advisory
  Commission to determine fate of Germany
• Tehran and Yalta
• Establishment of UN (Sec. Council and Gen.
  Assembly)

23
Allied Suspicion of Stalin

• Division among the Allies
• Stalin resented the delay in a second front
• Spread of USSR into satellite nations
• Self-determination vs. Soviet expansion

24
Yalta and Potsdam

• Yalta - FDR and Churchill agreed to allow USSR
  control of Eastern Poland
• Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland (never
  happened)
• Potsdam formalized occupation of Germany
• Truman takes hard line against USSR
• Suspicions begins the Cold War