Earth

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Earths Resources
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Renewable Resources

• Can be replenished over fairly short time spans
  such as months, years or decades
• Ex Plants, solar energy, wind, water

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Nonrenewable Resource

• takes millions of years to form and accumulate
• Ex coal, copper, uranium, gold

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What Are Fossil Fuels?

• Anything past living materials that are found in
  the rock that is mined out as an energy resource

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Types of Nonrenewable Energy Resources

• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Uranium and Plutonium
• Tar Sands and Oil Shale

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Coal

• Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the
  decomposition of organic materials (plant and
  animal remains) that have been exposed to heat
  and pressure found in the earth.
• Coal is burned to produce electricity
• PROS
• High energy
• Cost of coal is low
• CONS
• Dirties fuel
• Releases CO2, SO2, NOx, as pollutants
• Destroys the land

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PEAT
LIGNITE
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BITUMINOUS
ANTHRACITE
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How is Coal extracted from the Earth?

• Surface Mining Scoop ore off surface or earth.
• cheap
• safe for miners
• large environmental destruction

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How is Coal extracted from the Earth?

• Underground Mining Use of shafts to reach deeply
  buried ores.
• expensive
• dangerous to miners
• less environmental damage

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How is Coal extracted from the Earth?

• Mountaintop Removal entire mountaintops are
  blasted off in the Appalachian Mountains
• Causes deforestation and mudslides
• Pollutes the waterways

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Oil

• Deposits of crude oil containing hydrocarbons are
  often trapped within the earth's crust
• Extracted by drilling a well
• Refined as a gasoline product for fuels
• PROS
• High energy
• Low cost for fuel
• System is already in place to mine
• CONS
• Releases CO2, SO2, NOx, as pollutants
• Environmental problems (Gulf and Exxon Valdeze)

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Prince William Sound
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Natural Gas

• Natural gas is trapped in porous rock beneath the
  Earth above oil deposits
• Mixture
• 5090 Methane
• Also Ethane, Propane, and Butane
• PROS
• Cleanest energy mined
• Mine inside the Earth little land destroyed
• CONS
• Fracking wells injecting water and
  gets into well water
• releases CO2 into atmosphere

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Uranium and Plutonium

• Nuclear reactors use mined Uranium to convert to
  Plutonium through fission (splitting of atoms)
• Reactors can be designed to convert 238U into a
  fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu
• PROS
• Large fuel supply
• Low CO2 emissions
• CONS
• Accidents Japan and Chernobyl
• Reactors last only 40 years
• Expensive

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www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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Tar Sands and Oil Shale

• Tar Sand is a mixture of clay, sand, water and
  combustible bitumen (heavy oil with high sulfur
  content).
• Oil shales contain kerogen which can be extracted
  from crushed oil shales by heating them to yield
  a distillate called shale oil.
• PROS
• Alternative when oil is depleted
• Moderate energy
• CONS
• Destroys land when mined
• Releases CO2, SO2, NOx, as pollutants

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Years left of Resources in the World
Coal Oil Natural Gas
300 Years 35 to 50 Years 125 to 200 Years
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What do you know about

• Biofuels
• Geothermal
• Hydroelectric Power
• Hydrogen Fuel Cells
• Solar
• Tidal Power
• Wave Power
• Wind

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Biofuels

• Uses plant material and animal waste to convert
  to a biofuel
• Types of Biomass/fuels
• Wood logs, Animal dung, Kelp, and Paper/cardboard
• Pros
• Tree farms can restore degraded lands
• Large potential supply
• Cons
• CO2 emissions if harvested and not planted back
• Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of habitat

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ECU 35 Biodiesel / Hybrid
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ECU 51 BRT Clean Diesel Hybrid
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Geothermal Energy

• Energy is harnessed by tapping natural
  underground reservoirs of steam and hot water
• hot water pulled from the earth is used directly
  for heating and to turn turbines to generate
  electric power
• PROS
• Available 24/7
• Little emissions of CO2 and natural gas.
• CONS
• Only available near geological activity
• Habitat destruction when building it

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www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/
rebasics_geothermal.html
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The Geysers
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Hydroelectric

• Water is stored behind a dam and released
  periodically by gravity. The falling water turns
  turbines which produce electricity.
• Pros
• Long life span
• No CO2 emissions
• Flood control method
• Provides water for year round irrigation
• Cons
• Expensive
• Converts land to water habitat
• Danger of it collapsing
• Decreases fish spawning

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Hydrogen Fuel Cells

• A device that converts chemical energy into
  electrical energy.
• Splitting water atoms to extract the hydrogen for
  energy use.
• PROS
• No CO2 emissions
• Safe
• Low environmental impact
• CONS
• High cost
• Doesnt last long when made
• New energy not readily available

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A typical hydrogen fuel cell
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Solar Energy

• Uses energy from the Sun to produce energy
• Pros
• Free
• No CO2 emissions
• Low air and water pollution
• Cons
• Need access to sun 60 of time
• Need a heat storage system
• Expensive system

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Types of Solar Energy
Active system Collectors absorb solar energy, a
pump supplies part of a buildings heating or
water heating needs.

• Passive system
• Absorbs stores heat from the sun directly
  within a structure

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Tidal Power

• Pros
• Know when daily high tides on the east coast
• No CO2 emissions
• Cons
• Unreliable on west coast
• Expensive equipment

Uses the force of water during a high tide to
turn a turbine to create energy. East coast
two high tides
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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Tidal Dam
Why is a large tidal range need to produce power?
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Wave energy

• The motion of wind-driven waves at the oceans
  surface is converted into electricity.
• Pros
• No CO2 emissions
• Works during day and night
• Cons
• Expensive
• Machines break down and corrode in water

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Wind Energy

• Uses wind power to turn a turbine which creates
  energy
• in the next 50 years, wind power could meet up to
  10 of the countrys demand for electricity
• Pros
• Highly efficient
• Low environmental impact
• No CO2 emissions
• Quick construction
• Cons
• Need steady winds
• noise pollution
• Visual pollution
• damage/death to animals (birds)

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www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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