Development Areas

1
Development Areas
Chronological Ages 0-6 7-12
13-19

• Emotional
• Moral
• Physical
• Social
• Cognitive

2
Basic Processes of Development
Developmental Psychology

• Maturation
• Biological process of systematic physical growth
• Experience plays role in specific contexts

Red indicates more gray matter, blue less gray
matter.
3
Early Experiences and Critical Periods
Developmental Psychology

• Imprinting (Lorenz)
• Inborn tendency or instinct
• Sensitive period critical period
• Early social deprivation
• Harlows monkeys, social isolation, and
  continuing detrimental effects
• Controversy over effects on children
• Some abnormal effects may be irreversible

4
Developmental Psychology
Piagets cognitive development theory
Birth to 2 yrs Sensorimotor Uses senses and motor skills, items known by use Object permanence
2 - 7 yrs Pre-operational Symbolic thinking, language used egocentric thinking, imagination/ experience grow, child de-centers
7 - 11 yrs Concrete operational Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications
11 yrs on Formal operational Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored
5
Developmental Psychology
Eriksons Psychosocial theory
6
Marcias Theory of Personal Identity

• James Marcia - examined development
  of personal identity.
• Identified four main approaches
  to developing a sense of identity
• achievement
• foreclosure
• diffusion
• moratorium

7
Sexual and Gender Development

• Sex - Physiologically Determined
• Gender - Psychologically Determined
• Sexual Development - Increasing Awareness of sex
  differences
• Gender Identification - Acquiring sex roles
• Androgyny - Displaying both expressive and
  instrumental qualities

8
Theories of Sexual and Gender Development

• Biological Development
• Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development
• Behaviorism
• Social Leaning Theory
• Schema Theory
• Homosexuality

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9
Social Development
Harlow
Ainsworth

• Attachment - strength and kind of bond that
  exists between people.
• Avoidant Attachment
• Secure Attachment
• Resistant Attachment
• Friendship and Play
• Unoccupied
• Solitary
• Onlooker

Play Stages

• Parallel
• Associative
• Cooperative

10
Developmental Psychology
Early Childhood
Cooperative play
Parallel play
Solitary play
11
Moral Development

• Moral Development - process of acquiring sense of
  right and wrong.
• Piagets Theory of Moral Development
• Moral Realism
• Morality of Cooperation
• Kohlberg
• Moral Dilemmas

12
Developmental Psychology
Kohlbergs theory of moral development
Level I Preconventional moral reasoning Stage 1 might makes right Punishment/obedience orientation self-interest
Level I Preconventional moral reasoning Stage 2 look out for number one Instrumental/relativist orientation quid pro quo
Level II Conventional moral reasoning Stage 3 good girl, nice boy Proper behavior for the social approval
Level II Conventional moral reasoning Stage 4 law and order Proper behavior of the dutiful citizen, obey laws
Level III Postconventional moral reasoning Stage 5 social contract Mutual benefit to all, obey societys rules
Level III Postconventional moral reasoning Stage 6 universal ethical principles Defend right/wrong, not just majority, all life is sacred (reflective)
13
Gilligans Theory

• An alternative theory of the moral development of
  women.
• Empathy
• Competition Versus Cooperation

14
Evaluating Kohlbergs Theory

• Criticisms of Kohlbergs Theory
• Subjective Scoring
• Lack of Stage Specificity
• Inconsistencies between Thoughts and Actions
• Originally Validated on White, Middle-class, Males