Testing Intelligence

1
Testing Intelligence
2
What Is General Intelligence?

• Two correlated characteristics
• gC, where
• g equals general and C equals crystallized
• use skills, knowledge, and experience.
• gF, where
• g equals general and f equals fluid.
• reasoning without prior knowledge

3
Crystallized Intelligence Item
PICTURE COMPLETION What part is missing from this
picture?
4
Fluid Intelligence Item
COMPLETION What picture is next?
5
Does General Intelligence Change?

• gC
• increases until adulthood
• remains constant thereafter
• gF
• increases until adulthood
• may decrease after 65
• dual-N task helpful?

6
Dual 2-Back Task
7
Gardners Specific Intelligences

• Linguistic
• Logical-mathematical
• Spatial
• Musical
• Body-kinesthetic

• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Naturalistic
• Existential

8
Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

• Analytic intelligence (crystallized)
• Creative intelligence (fluid)
• Practical intelligence (street smarts)

9
Brief History of IQ Tests

• Binet (1900s)
• Can children who do poorly be identified?
• Assumptions
• reasoning, thinking, and problem-solving all
  depend on intelligence.
• mental ability increases with age.
• Old Stanford-Binet Test
• started with mostly verbal items
• IQ (mental age/chronological age) 100
• used by army to select A-grade (officer) and
  E-grade (rejects)

10
(No Transcript)
11
Types of Intelligence Tests

• New 5th Stanford-Binet Test
• Five scales
• Fluid Reasoning
• Knowledge
• Quantitative
• Visual Spatial
• Working Memory

12
Types of Intelligence Tests

• New 4th Wechsler Adult Intelligence
• Two scales
• Verbal (gC)
• Performance (gF)

13
Calculating IQ

• IQ reflects is a relative standing within a
  same-aged population
• average score at each age level is assigned to100
• your score is recalculated using an anchor of 100
• recalculated because IQs keep rising (Flynn)

14
IQ in the Population
15
Reliability and Validity of IQ Tests

• For teenagers and adults, reliability is high,
  generally above .90.
• Reasonably good validity for predicting
  school-like abilities.

16
Differences Caused By Nature/Nurture?
Environment
Genes
Environment
17
Ethnic Differences in Old IQ Tests
18
Ethnic Differences

• Are the average differences in IQ among various
  ethnic due mostly to heredity?
• No, variation within groups greater than
  variation between groups.
• No, huge differences in the childs environment
• No, gap has closed

19
Living Below the Poverty Level
20
A Culturally-Biased Intelligence Test
21
5th Version of Stanford-Binet

• Bias reviews now conducted on all items for
  gender, ethnic, cultural/religious, regional, and
  socioeconomic status issues.

22
Unusual Intelligence

• Giftedness
• High IQ scores predict success but doesnt
  guarantee special distinction in life.
• Developmentally or Mentally Challenged
• IQs less than about 70 and failure to display the
  skills at daily living, communication, and other
  tasks expected at ones age.

23
Causes of Mental Challenge

• Down Syndrome
• Abnormality during conception results in an extra
  21st chromosome.
• Fragile X Syndrome
• Defect on chromosome 23.
• Environmental causes