The%20Enforcement%20Function

1
The Enforcement Function

• Week Four/Five

2
Officer Safety

• Momentarily Dangerous
• Limited reaction time
• Generally, limited to resources at hand
• Basic skills are the most important
• Skills are perishable

3
Basic Skills are Critical

• Momentarily Dangerous
• Limited reaction time
• Generally, limited to resources at hand
• Basic skills are the most important
• Skills are perishable

4
Limited Resoucrs

• Momentarily Dangerous
• Limited reaction time
• Generally, limited to resources at hand
• Basic skills are the most important
• Skills are perishable

5
Skills are Perishable
6
Deployment

• Beats are an area
• Deployment is number of officers assigned to area
  during a specific time.

7
Methods of Deployment

• Intuitive
• Workload
• Calls for Service
• Crimes
• Traffic Accidents

8
Queuing Theory

• Acceptable levels of service
• 7 Minutes, 40

9
Police Discretion

• B. Should I intervene
• C. If I intervene, what do I do?

10
Bob the Drunk
11
Street level versus screen level
12
Criminal Investigations

• All evidence is either is witness testimony.
• Therefore, investigations rely on good witnesses.
• Investigators are attempting to locate evidence
• that a crime occurred (Corpus Delicti)
• on the method used by the offender (Modus
  Operandi)
• Link the offender to the victim
• Link a person (victim, witness and offender) to a
  crime scene
• Supports or disproves a statement
• Identifies an individual

13
Forensics

• A BROAD term, defined as the science and practice
  of examining physical evidence and applying the
  physical properties of that evidence to the
  resolution of legal issues, particularly
  identifying the commission, natures, and
  perpetrators of crimes.

14
Forensics

• The word forensic comes from the Latin "forensis"
  - which means to debate. The word forensic then
  came to mean anything associated with a court
  proceeding, (since a lot of debate happens
  there). Forensic in front of any other discipline
  means the application of that discipline to a
  legal proceeding. Forensic science is the
  application of science to some court proceeding.

15
Criminalistics

• One branch of forensic science that deals with
  the study of evidence of a crime

16
SO

• Forensics is the presentation of scientific
  evidence
• during a legal proceeding whereas criminalistics
  is
• the study of the evidence of a crime.
• Or
• Forensics would be the receiving evidence and
• giving an un bias conclusion of your findings.
• Where i see criminalistics as being the use of
  these
• findings with the combination of other evidence
  to
• put together a case.

17

• Forensic Psychologists and Psychiatrists
• Forensic psychologists or psychiatrists may be
  called on to evaluate a murder scene to suggest a
  possible psychological profile of the killer.
  The FBI has done much work in developing such
  profiles of serial killers and will often send
  one of its experts to assist the local police.
• Fingerprint Experts
• Dactyloscopy, the scientific study of
  fingerprints, was first developed nearly a
  hundred years ago to identify convicts. When law
  enforcers realized that fingerprints are also
  left behind on all manner of surfaces, the use
  was extended to catching criminals as well. With
  some recent additions to the original bag of
  tricks, dactyloscopy is still an important weapon
  in the crime stopper's arsenal.

18

• Crime Scene Photographers
• A crime scene must be photographed from every
  angle to clearly show every detail, with emphasis
  on accurately recording the size and distance of
  objects. The crime scene photographer, whose work
  often involves the use of specialized cameras and
  film, may also be trained in fingerprint lifting
  and analysis, and may be called the
  Identification Officer or Identification
  Technician.
• Forensic Pathologists
• Forensic pathologists, employed by the office of
  the medical examiner, determine the time and
  cause of death in cases of suspected homicide or
  suicide. The medical examiner's office is also
  often responsible for local public health issues
  such as investigating suspected cases of plague
  or other highly dangerous infectious diseases.

19

• Forensic Serologists
• Forensic serology is the study of blood groups,
  blood, and other bodily fluids for identification
  purposes following a crime. Forensic serologists
  are also on the forefront of the new techniques
  of DNA fingerprinting, which offer the
  possibility of positive identification of an
  individual by any available body cells.
• Forensic Dentists and Odontologists
• Forensic dentists or odontologists examine the
  teeth of corpses for identification purposes or
  make casts of human bite marks in foods -
  sometimes in people - to match the bite with the
  biter.

20

• Ballistics Experts
• From the Roman ballista, a sort of heavy-duty
  slingshot, ballistics began as the study of the
  flight paths of projectiles. By extension,
  ballistics experts are now experts in the study
  of everything to do with firearms.
• Forensic Chemists
• Forensic chemists specialize in analyzing such
  things as tiny chips of paint to determine the
  color and manufacturer, as well as determining
  the identity of minuscule amounts of drugs, dyes,
  and other chemicals and random unidentified
  particles.
• Forensic Geologists
• Forensic geologists can determine such things as
  where the suspect or victim walked by examining
  soil samples taken from their shoes or feet.

21

• Forensic Entomologists
• Forensic entomologists are specialists in the
  study of insects.
• Forensic Anthropologists
• Forensic anthropologists can, from examining a
  pile of bones, supply a surprising amount of
  detail about what the person looked like.
• Forensic Artists
• Forensic artists can draw a likeness of a person
  based solely on eyewitness descriptions.
• Forensic Sculptors
• Their training and expertise is as important as
  that of the forensic specialists. Forensic
  sculptors can reconstruct faces, usually in
  modeling clay or on a computer.
• Forensic Linguists
• Forensic linguists analyze the content of written
  or aural communication to identify who is
  speaking and indicate the speaker's intent, and
  can determine whether two communications are from
  the same person.