5.2 Reading the Periodic Table

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5.2 Reading the Periodic Table
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Vertical Columns

• Known as families or groups
• Elements in a column tend to have similar
  properties
• Also have the same number of valence, or outer
  electrons

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Horizontal Rows

• Known as series or periods
• Have the same number of electron levels

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Solids, liquids or gases?

• On the big periodic table
• Black solids
• Blue liquids
• Red - gases

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Metals

• Found to the left of the stairstep
• Properties
• Lusterous (shiny)
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Malleable can be hammered into a thin sheet
• Ductile can be pulled into a thin wire
• Most are solids at room temperature

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Non-Metals

• Found to the right of the stairstep, includes
  hydrogen
• Properties
• Non-Lusterous
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity
• Not malleable or ductile
• Many are gases at room temperature

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Semi-metals

• Found on the stairstep
• B, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb
• Also known as metalloids
• May have properties similar to either metals or
  non-metals
• All are solid at room temperature

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Alkali Metals

• Group 1 on the PT
• Has one valence electron.
• Highly reactive
• Never found in elemental form in nature.
• Must be stored in mineral oil to avoid reacting
  with water.

• Mostly soft and silvery.
• React with halogens to form salts.
• More reactive the farther down the list you go.

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Alkaline Earth Metals

• Group 2 on the PT
• Has two valence electrons.
• Soft and silver colored.
• React with water, but not as strongly as the
  alkali metals.
• Also react with halogens to form salts.

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Boron Family

• Group 3 on the PT
• Has 3 valence electrons
• Aluminum 3rd most abundant element in the
  earths crust

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Carbon Family

• Group 4 on the PT
• Has 4 valence electrons
• Carbon
• Most on earth is found in limestone
• Important because it is found in every living
  cell
• Can also be in the form of diamonds and graphite

• Combines with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons
  (fuels such as methane, propane, butane)
• Hydrocarbons make up the majority of the
  atmosphere of Saturns moon, Titan

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Carbon Family, cont.

• Silicon
• 2nd most abundant element in earths crust
• Like carbon, can form many compounds
• Silica (silicon dioxide) is the main component in
  glass
• In its pure form, is used to make transistors and
  solar cells

• Germanium not common, but is used in
  electronics
• Tin coating on tin cans
• Lead used to be used in plumbing today it is
  used to make automobile batteries

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Nitrogen Family

• Group 5 on the PT
• Has 5 valence electrons
• Nitrogen makes up 78 of Earths atmosphere
  essential to living organisms
• Phosphorus also found in living things
  phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is widely used in
  manufacturing also found in soft drinks!

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Oxygen Family

• Group 6 on the PT
• Has 6 valence electrons

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Oxygen Family, cont.

• Oxygen

• Sulfur

• Most abundant element on Earth (2nd most in
  atmosphere)
• Required for respiration and combustion
• Used in the steel-making process
• Found in air as O2 and ozone as O3

• Known since ancient times as brimstone
• A main component of fools gold
• Most compounds with sulfur have unpleasant odors
  (rotten eggs, even skunks!)
• Largest use is in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in
  manufacturing

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Halogen Family

• Group 7 on the PT
• Has 7 valence electrons
• Highly reactive
• Only family to have at least one solid, one
  liquid and one gas at room temp.
• Fluorine is one of the most reactive elements in
  existence

• Teflon is made of fluorine bonded to carbon

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Noble Gas Family

• Group 8 on the PT
• Most have 8 valence electrons (helium only 2)
• Odorless, colorless
• Extremely low chemical reactivity
• Also called inert gases

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Transition Metals

• Have a variety of charge possibilities.
• Many of them can have more than one charge (ex
  iron can be 2 or 3).
• They include chromium (makes chrome), iron
  (structural material), the coinage metals
  (copper, silver, gold) and many others.

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Inner Transition Metals

• Lanthanides
• Form 3 ions
• Soft, silvery metals
• Most have little commercial use
• Actinides
• All are radioactive
• Only thorium and uranium occur to any large
  amount in nature