Introduction to the Periodic Table

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Introduction to the Periodic Table
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I am Dmitri Mendeleev!

• I made the PERIODIC TABLE !

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Periodic Table -History

• Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
• 1st modern periodic
  table
• arranged elements by atomic mass number
• predicted the presence missing elements
• elements of similar properties were stacked on
  top of each other

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Periodic Table -History

• Henry Moseley (1911)
• Discovered atomic number
• arrange by atomic number
• Corrected error with properties of the elements
  Tellurium atomic number 52 and Iodine atomic
  number 53.

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Periodic Table

• Periodic - things that have a regular repeating
  pattern
• Periodic Table of Elements - an arrangement of
  elements in order of their atomic number so that
  elements with similar properties fall in the same
  column

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Periodic Table

• Zig - Zag Line - Thick bold line that separates
  metals from nonmetals.

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What is the PERIODIC TABLE?

• Shows all known elements in the universe.
• Organizes the elements by chemical properties.

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But what is an element?
An element is matter that is made entirely from
one type of atom.
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But what is matter?
Matter is anything that takes up space and has
mass.
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Main Components of the Atom

• Proton p
• Electron e-
• Neutron n0
• (Nucleus- p and n0)

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Atomic Terminology Atomic Number - of protons
in the atom Atomic Weight equals the of
protons and the of neutrons Isotopes atoms
with the same of protons, but a different of
neutrons
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Electron Shells layers or orbits surrounding the
nucleus where electrons exist 1st shell has two
electrons, 2nd and 3rd shell has eight, larger
numbers of electrons fill the outer
shells Atoms/elements are more stable if their
outer shell is full.
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How do you read the PERIODIC TABLE?
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What is the ATOMIC NUMBER?

• The number of protons found in the nucleus of an
  atom
• Or
• The number of electrons surrounding the nucleus
  of an atom.

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What is the SYMBOL?

• An abbreviation of the element name.

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What is the ATOMIC WEIGHT?

• The average number of protons and neutrons in the
  nucleus of an atom.

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How do I find the number of protons, electrons,
and neutrons in an element using the periodic
table?

• of PROTONS ATOMIC NUMBER
• of ELECTRONS ATOMIC NUMBER
• of NEUTRONS ATOMIC _ ATOMIC
• WEIGHT NUMBER

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Now you are almost as smart as I am!

• But not as handsome!
• Man, I look GOOD!

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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
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What is an ELEMENT?

• A substance composed of a single kind of atom.
• Cannot be broken down into another substance by
  chemical or physical means.

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What is a COMPOUND?

• A substance in which two or more different
  elements are CHEMICALLY bonded together.

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What is a MIXTURE?

• Two or more substances that are mixed together
  but are NOT chemically bonded.

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Element, Compound or Mixture?
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Element, Compound or Mixture?
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Element, Compound or Mixture?
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Element, Compound or Mixture?
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Element, Compound or Mixture?
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Element, Compound or Mixture?
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How are elements arranged on the Periodic
Table? 1st, by atomic number, small at the top,
large at the bottom 2nd, by the number of
electrons in the outer shell of the atom,
arranged in vertically columns called
groups 3rd, by the number of electron shells in
the atom, arranged in horizontal rows called
periods
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The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their
outer shells
Be (Beryllium) Atom
Mg (Magnesium) Atom
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The period 4 atoms each have 4 electron
containing shells
4th Shell
K (Potassium) Atom
Kr (Krypton) Atom
Fe (Iron) Atom
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http//www.lyon.edu/webdata/Users/DMcDowell/GenChe
m/alkalishow.html
Alkali Metals Soft, silvery colored metals Very
reactive!!!
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Alkali Metals reacting with water

• Li (Lithium)
• Na (Sodium)
• K (Potassium)
• Rb (Rubidium)
• Cs (Cesium)

What would you expect from Francium?!?!
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Alkaline Earth Metals
Silvery-White Metals Fairly reactive Many are
found in rocks in the earths crust
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Transition Metals
Malleable (easily bent/hammered into wires or
sheets)
Most are good Conductors of electricity
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How many things can you think of that have
Transition Metals in them?
How many things can you think of that have
Transition Metals in them?
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Metalloids lie on left side of these zig-zag
line
They share properties with both metals and
non-metals Si (Silicon) and Ge (Germanium) are
very important semi-conductors
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What are semiconductors used in?
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Nonmetals
Brittle Do not conduct electricity
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Halogens
Most are Poisonous Fairly reactive
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Chlorine Gas was used as a chemical weapon during
World War I. It was used by the Nazis in World
War II.
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Noble Gases
Unreactive Gases at room temperature
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Jellyfish lamps made with noble gases artist-
Eric Ehlenberger
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Colors Noble Gases produce in lamp tubes

• Ne (Neon) orange-red
• Hg (Mercury) light blue
• Ar (Argon) pale lavender
• He (Helium) pale peach
• Kr (Krypton) pale silver
• Xe (Xenon) pale, deep blue

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Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series
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The lanthanide series is a group of transition
elements that have chemical properties similar to
lanthanum. Lanthanide metals are also referred to
as rare-earth metals. All the members of this
series are silvery-white with a metallic lustre,
and like all other metals, are malleable and
ductile. These elements all have unfilled inner
4f electron orbitals.
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The actinide series consists of 14 radioactive
elements, most of which have been synthetically
produced by chemists in the laboratory. The
elements in this series all have chemical
properties similar to actinium. The actinides
have unfilled inner 5f electron orbitals.