Conventional Energy

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Conventional Energy
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Outline

• Energy History
• How Energy Is Used
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear Power
• Fission
• Reactors
• Waste Management
• Fusion

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Energy Resource Transition

• During the 20th century, worldwide use of energy
  resources shifted dramatically
• COAL 55 to 22
• OIL 2 to 30
• NATURAL GAS 1 to 23
• NUCLEAR 0 to 6
• RENEWABLE 42 to 19

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WHAT IS ENERGY

• Work - Application of force through a distance.
• Energy - The capacity to do work.
• Power - Rate at which work is done.
• Calorie - Amount of energy necessary to heat 1
  gram of water 1o C.
• Joule - Amount of work done when a force of 1
  newton is exerted over 1 meter.

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Energy History

• Fire probably first human energy technology.
• Muscle power provided by domestic animals has
  been important since dawn of agriculture 10,000
  years ago.
• Wind and water power used nearly as long.
• Coal replaced wood at beginning of 19th century.
• Oil replaced coal in 20th century.

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Current Energy Sources

• Fossil fuels currently provide about 86 of all
  commercial energy in the world.
• Hydroelectric dams supply about 7 of commercial
  power.
• Nuclear power makes up about 7 of commercial
  power.

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Worldwide Commercial Energy Production
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Per Capita Consumption

• Richest countries have consumed nearly 80 of all
  commercial energy. This is changing.
• On average, each person in the U.S. and Canada
  uses more than 300 GJ of energy annually.
• In poorest countries of the world, each person
  generally consumes less than one GJ annually.

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What are we going to do?
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Per Capita Energy Use and GDP
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HOW ENERGY IS USED

• Largest share of energy used in the U.S. is
  consumed by industry (33).
• Residential and Commercial buildings use 20 of
  primary energy consumed in U.S..
• Transportation consumes about 27 of all energy
  used in the U.S..
• Three trillion passenger miles and 600 billion
  ton miles of freight carried annually by motor
  vehicles in the U.S..

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How Energy Is Used

• About half of all energy in primary fuels is lost
  during conversion to more useful forms while
  being shipped, or during use.
• Nearly two-thirds of energy in coal being burned
  to generate electricity is lost during thermal
  conversion in the power plant.
• Another 10 is lost during transmission and
  stepping down to household voltages.

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COAL

• Fossilized plant material preserved by burial in
  sediments and compacted and condensed by
  geological forces into carbon-rich fuel.
• Most laid down during Carboniferous period (286
  million to 360 million years ago).

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Coal

• -Coal replaced wood in the 18th century in the
  western world and supplied the energy for the
  steam engine and the Industrial Revolution.
• 23.5 of the worlds energy is provided by coal
  worldwide this number is steadily increasing due
  to Chinas
• -Coal power plants provide over half of the
  nations electricity.
• -The US used over 1 billion tons of coal in 2005

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Reserves

• Proven reserves- have been identified, mapped,
  measured, and shown to be economically
  recoverable.
• Known reserves -have been identified but not
  thoroughly mapped.
• World total resource is estimated to be 10
  trillion metric tons. (several thousand years
  supply)
• Known US reserves are 266 billion tons.

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Coal

• Resources and Reserves
• World coal deposits are ten times greater than
  conventional oil and gas resources combined.
• Under current consumption rates, this could last
  several thousand years.

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Proven-In-Place Coal Reserves
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Environmental Issues

• Coal contains 10 sulfur (by weight)
• Toxic metals- uranium, arsenic, lead, cadmium,
  mercury, rubidium, thallium, and zinc.
• These were absorbed by plants and concentrated in
  the process of coal formation, released when
  burned.
• 25 of all atmospheric mercury
• Oxidizes nitrogen compounds
• Releases carbon dioxide-1/2 of industrial carbon
  dioxide
• Underground mines-poisonous or explosive gases.
  (Black lung disease)

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Coal

• Mining
• Between 1870 and 1950, more than 30,000 coal
  miners died of accidents and injuries in
  Pennsylvania alone.
• Several thousands have died of respiratory
  diseases.
• Black Lung Disease - Inflammation and fibrosis
  caused by accumulation of coal dust in the lungs
  or airways.

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Coal

• Air Pollution
• Coal burning releases radioactivity and toxic
  metals into the atmosphere.
• Coal combustion is responsible for 25 of all
  atmospheric mercury pollution in the U.S..
• Coal contains up to 10 sulfur by weight.
• Unless removed by washing or flue-gas scrubbing,
  sulfur is released and oxidizes to sulfur dioxide
  or sulfate.

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• -The 3 major coal producing states are Wyoming,
  West Virginia, and Kentucky
• -There are three types of coal
• 1. Lignite -youngest coal, lowest carbon
  content, brown coal, mainly used for electric
  power generation.
• 2. Bituminous - the most plentiful form of coal
  in the US. Higher carbon content than lignite and
  will burn much hotter. Primarily used to generate
  electricity and make coke for the steel industry.

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• 3. Anthracite -highest carbon content and hottest
  when burned. There are 7.3 billion tons of
  anthracite reserves in the US.
• -Other products made from coal are
• 1. Perfumes
• 2. Fingernail polish
• 3. Briquettes
• 4. Insecticides
• 5. Disinfectants
• 6. Antiseptics
• 7. Dyes

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• 8. Detergents
• 9. Herbicides
• 10. Varnish
• 11. Plastic
• 12. Paving
• 13. Roofing
• 14. Fertilizers
• 15. Ammonia
• 16. TNT
• 17. Explosives
• 18. Pharmaceuticals
• 19. Smelling salts

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The Earth at Night-main use for coal is
production of electricity.
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Petroleum-oil

• Fossil fuel composed of prehistoric marine
  plants animals
• Oil was first discovered in the US in 1859.
• At the beginning of the 20th century, oil
  supplied only 4 of the worlds energy.

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• Today oil supplies about 40 of the worlds
  energy.
• The US imports over 60 of the oil we use.
• 95 of the energy for transportation in the US
  comes from oil.
• Each day US consumers use about 850 million
  gallons of oil.
• 40 of the petroleum is produced domestically by
  500,000 oil wells

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• There are 132 refineries in the US that turn the
  oil into useful products.
• 45 of crude oil is refined into gasoline for use
  in cars -370 millions gallons/day.
• It takes over 42,000 daily trips to transport
  fuel to over 170,000 service stations across the
  US (one delivery every 2 seconds )

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• Ink, Dishwashing liquids ,Paint
  brushes, Telephones ,Toys, Unbreakable
  dishes, Insecticides ,Antiseptics, Dolls,
•  Car sound insulation ,Fishing lures, Deodorant ,T
  ires ,Motorcycle helmets, Linoleum, Sweaters ,Tent
  s, Refrigerator linings, Paint rollers, Floor
  wax, Shoes ,Electrician's tape,
•  Plastic wood ,Model cars glue, Roller-skate
  wheels ,Trash bags ,Soap dishes ,Skis ,Permanent
  press clothes, Hand lotion, Clothesline,

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•  Vitamin capsules, Movie film ,Ice
  chests, Candles, Rubbing alcohol, Loudspeakers,Ice
  buckets, Boats, Ice cube trays,
•  Credit cards, Fertilizers, Crayons, Insect
  repellent, Water pipes, Toilet seats, Caulking, Ro
  ofing shingles, Fishing boots, Life
  jackets, Balloons 
• Shower curtains, Garden hose, Golf
  balls, Curtains, Plywood, adhesive, Umbrellas, Det
  ergents,
•  Milk jugs, Beach umbrellas, Rubber cement, Sun
  glasses, Putty Faucet washers, Cold
  cream, Bandages, Tool racks, 

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• Dyes ,Soft contact lenses ,Shampoo, Panty
  hose ,Cameras ,Food preservatives ,
• Fishing rods ,Oil filters ,Combs, Transparent
  tape ,Anesthetics ,Upholstery ,Dice ,Disposable
  diapers ,TV cabinets 
• Cassettes ,Mops, Sports car bodies, Salad
  bowls, House paint ,Purses, Electric
  blankets, Awnings ,Ammonia, Dresses , Car battery
  cases, Safety glass ,Hair curlers ,Pajamas ,Synthe
  tic rubber, VCR tapes ,Eyeglasses ,Pillows 

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• Antihistamines ,Hair coloring, Nail
  polish, Slacks, Drinking cups, Guitar
  strings, False teeth ,Yarn ,Petroleum jelly,
  Toothpaste,
•  Golf bags, Roofing ,Tennis rackets, Toothbrushes,
   Perfume, Luggage, Wire insulation ,Folding
  doors ,Shoe polish, Fan belts, Ballpoint pens ,
• Shower doors,
• Cortisone, Carpeting, Artificial turf ,Heart
  valves, LP records, Lipstick, Artificial
  limbs ,Hearing aids, Vaporizers ,Aspirin ,Shaving
  cream, Wading pools, Parachutes

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Domestic and foreign oil
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• The top sources of US crude oil imports for
  December were (as of 12/06)
• 1. Canada (1.829 million barrels/day)
• 2. Saudi Arabia (1.471 million barrels/ day)
• 3. Mexico (1.245 million barrels/ day)
• 4. Venezuela (1.045 million barrels/ day),
• 5.Nigeria (1.010 million barrels per day).
• 6.Angola (0.610 million barrels/ day)
• 7. Algeria (0.421 million barrels/ day)
• 8. Iraq (0.419 million barrels/ day)
• 9. Ecuador (0.254 million barrel/day)
• 10. Kuwait (0.163 million barrels/day).

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Biggest oil producers
http//www.cnbc.com/id/41887743/The_World_s_15_Big
gest_Oil_Producers
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Suez canal
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Oil and military presence
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Price of a gallon of gasoline
Crude oil 67 percent Refining 11 percent
Taxes 13 percent Distribution and marketing 9
percent
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• Production costs 65
• Producer profit 1.15
• Refining costs 50
• Refining profit 20
• Transportation costs 12
• Transportation profit 9
• Marketing costs 4
• Marketing profit 4
• Retailer costs 8
• Retailer profit 8
• US Taxes 29
• State taxes (avg. 23)6 to 39
• Local taxes 0 to 20
• TOTAL 3.24

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OIL

• Resources and Reserves
• Total amount of oil in the world is estimated at
  4 trillion barrels. (Half is thought to be
  ultimately recoverable)
• In 2005, proven reserves were estimated at 1
  trillion barrels.
• As oil becomes depleted and prices rise, it will
  likely become more economical to find and bring
  other deposits to market.

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Proven Oil Reserves
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NATURAL GAS

• Worlds third largest commercial fuel.
• 23 of global energy consumption.
• Produces half as much CO2 as equivalent amount of
  coal.
• Most rapidly growing energy source.
• Difficult to ship long distances, and to store in
  large quantities.

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Natural Gas

• Resources and Reserves
• Proven world reserves of natural gas are 5,500
  trillion ft3.
• Current reserves represent roughly 60 year supply
  at present usage rates.
• Proven reserves in North America are about 250
  trillion ft3.

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Proven Natural Gas Reserves
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Unconventional Gas Sources

• Methane hydrate - Small individual molecules of
  natural gas trapped in a crystalline matrix of
  frozen water.
• Thought to hold 10,000 gigatons of carbon, or
  twice as much as combined amount of all
  traditional fossil fuels combined.
• Difficult to extract, store, and ship.

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NUCLEAR POWER

• President Dwight Eisenhower, 1953, Atoms for
  Peacespeech.
• Nuclear-powered electrical generators would
  provide power too cheap to meter.
• Between 1970 and 1974, American utilities ordered
  140 new reactors for power plants.

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Nuclear Power

• After 1975, only 13 orders were placed for new
  nuclear reactors, and all of those were
  subsequently cancelled.
• In all, 100 of 140 reactors on order in 1975 were
  cancelled.
• Electricity from nuclear power plants was about
  half the price of coal in 1970, but twice as much
  in 1990.

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Nuclear Power Plant History
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How Do Nuclear Reactors Work ?

• Most commonly used fuel is U235, a naturally
  occurring radioactive isotope of uranium.
• Occurs naturally at 0.7 of uranium, but must be
  enriched to about of 3.
• Formed in cylindrical pellets (1.5 cm long) and
  stacked in hollow metal rods (4 m long).
• About 100 rods are bundled together to make a
  fuel assembly.
• Thousands of fuel assemblies bundled in reactor
  core.

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How Do Nuclear Reactors Work

• When struck by neutrons, radioactive uranium
  atoms undergo nuclear fission, releasing energy
  and more neutrons.
• Triggers nuclear chain reaction.

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Nuclear Fission
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How Do Nuclear Reactors Work

• Reaction is moderated in a power plant by
  neutron-absorbing solution (Moderator).
• In addition, Control Rods composed of
  neutron-absorbing material are inserted into
  spaces between fuel assemblies to control
  reaction rate.
• Water or other coolant is circulated between the
  fuel rods to remove excess heat.

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Kinds of Reactors

• Seventy percent of nuclear power plants are
  pressurized water reactors.
• Water circulated through core to absorb heat from
  fuel rods.
• Pumped to steam generator where it heats a
  secondary loop.
• Steam from secondary loop drives high-speed
  turbine producing electricity.

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Kinds of Reactors

• Both reactor vessel and steam generator are
  housed in a special containment building
  preventing radiation from escaping, and providing
  extra security in case of accidents.
• Under normal operating conditions, a PWR releases
  very little radioactivity.

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PWR
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Kinds of Reactors

• Simpler, but more dangerous design is a boiling
  water reactor.
• Water from core boils to make steam, directly
  driving turbine generators.
• Highly radioactive water and steam leave
  containment structure.
• Canadian deuterium reactors - Operate with
  natural, un-concentrated uranium.
• Graphite moderator reactors - Operate with a
  solid moderator instead of a liquid.

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Alternative Reactor Designs

• High-Temperature, Gas-Cooled Reactors
• Uranium encased in tiny ceramic-coated pellets.
• Process-Inherent Ultimate Safety Reactors
• Reactor core submerged in large pool of
  boron-containing water within a massive pressure
  vessel.

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Breeder Reactors

• Breeder reactors create fissionable plutonium and
  thorium isotopes from stable forms of uranium.
• Uses plutonium reclaimed from spent fuel from
  conventional fission reactors as starting
  material.

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Breeder Reactor Drawbacks

• Reactor core must be at very high density, thus
  liquid sodium used as a coolant.
• Corrosive and difficult to handle.
• Core will self-destruct within a few seconds if
  primary coolant is lost.
• Produces weapons-grade plutonium.

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RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Until 1970, the U.S., Britain, France, and Japan
  disposed of radioactive waste in the ocean.
• Production of 1,000 tons of uranium fuel
  typically generates 100,000 tons of tailings and
  3.5 million liters of liquid waste.
• Now approximately 200 million tons of radioactive
  waste in piles around mines and processing plants
  in the U.S..

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Radioactive Waste Management

• About 100,000 tons of low-level waste (clothing)
  and about 15,000 tons of high-level (spent-fuel)
  waste in the U.S..
• For past 20 years, spent fuel assemblies have
  been stored in deep water-filled pools at the
  power plants. (Designed to be temporary)
• Many internal pools are now filled and a number
  plants are storing nuclear waste in metal dry
  casks outside.

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Radioactive Waste Management

• U.S. Department of Energy announced plans to
  build a high-level waste repository near Yucca
  Mountain Nevada in 1987.
• Facility may cost between 10 and 35 billion, and
  will not open until at least 2010.

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Decommissioning Old Nuclear Plants

• Most plants are designed for a 30 year operating
  life.
• Only a few plants have thus far been
  decommissioned.
• General estimates are costs will be 2-10 times
  more than original construction costs.

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CHANGING FORTUNES OF NUCLEAR POWER

• Public opinion has fluctuated over the years.
• When Chernobyl exploded in 1985, less than
  one-third of Americans favored nuclear power.
• Now, half of all Americans support
  nuclear-energy.
• Currently, 103 nuclear reactors produce about 20
  of all electricity consumed in the U.S..

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Changing Fortunes

• With natural gas prices soaring, and electrical
  shortages looming, many sectors are once again
  promoting nuclear reactors.
• Over the past 50 years, the U.S. government has
  provided 150 billion in nuclear subsidies, but
  less than 5 billion to renewable energy research.

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NUCLEAR FUSION

• Nuclear Fusion - Energy released when two smaller
  atomic nuclei fuse into one large nucleus. (Sun)
• Temperatures must be raised to 100,000,000o C and
  pressure must reach several billion atmospheres.
• Magnetic Confinement
• Inertial Confinement
• Despite 50 years and 25 billion, fusion reactors
  have never produced more energy than they consume.

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Summary

• Energy History
• How Energy Is Used
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear Power
• Fission
• Reactors
• Waste Management
• Fusion

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