Thematic PowerPoint 1 (music)

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Thematic PowerPoint 1 (music)

• Garrett Moler

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Music of the Native Americans

• Music does not change from simple to complex
• Native American music was once a way to
  communicate with the spiritual realm and bringing
  aid of supernatural power
• Music is a fundamental part of native American
  culture and can be seen in almost everything they
  do
• Songs from one region are very different from
  songs with another region
• The music is very different than the Europeans
  which led them to believe it was absent of
  structure and melody
• Indian music is not divided by genre but rather
  is accepted by what part in your life it plays
• Children were often taught through music with a
  repeated theme in songs
• In the Indian world songs are a tribes or single
  persons property

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Music of the Native Americans Cont.

• As property songs can be given as gifts and the
  right to use a song may be obtained by giving
  gifts to the owner
• Songs rarely have titles in native American music
• In Indian culture there are no professional
  artists or musicians they weave art and music in
  their lives so well these are unnecessary
• The ability of thinking of songs and bringing
  them to the people was seen as a spiritual gift
  rather than artistic
• Use of harmony or polyphony is rare in native
  American music
• Words in music are much less important than the
  actual music
• Percussion instruments are the most common type
  in native American music
• Wind instruments are also used in native American
  music with the most common being the flute
• When Indian songs are written in European time
  signature they change time almost every measure

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European Music in the Early Americas

• In the dark ages European music consisted of
  chants of religious purpose
• As the renaissance began the idea of harmony in
  Europe was developed
• The jump from chants to advanced polyphonies was
  a giant leap for music of the era
• Music became a structure of notes based on
  arithmetic proportion
• Composers such as Dowland, Murray, and Tomkins
  produced wonderful melodies and poetry to
  accompany them
• A common theme of music in the 1500s was
  exploration of form
• The major chord as the basis for music was also
  developed in this era

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European Music in the Early Americas Cont.

• From 1600-1750 music went into a baroque era
• Baroque literally translates to bizarre
• Italy was the center of these musical movements
• Introduced more complicated melodies and
  polyphonies
• Music now ran on the same basis major and minor
  scales
• Great composers such as bach wrote in the baroque
  style
• The new dominance of melody within harmony also
  led to many new changes
• The keyboard was extended in both directions and
  the production of stringed instruments rapidly
  increased
• Not until the 18th century did the classical
  music era begin

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West African Music

• Like Indian music it relied heavily on percussion
  instruments
• Music was used in a religious sense and was often
  accompanied by dancing
• The use of the voice and chanting is widely used
  in west African music
• Along with percussion instruments string and
  wind instruments are used
• Popular among traditional south African music is
  the harp such as the kola
• Wind instruments such as flutes are used for
  melody
• Kosikas, rainsticks, bells, and whistles were all
  used to add to the music
• Africans told childhood stories and lullabies in
  musical form like the Indians did
• Music was an integral part to the west Africans
  culture
• West African music is slightly different than
  that of other areas in Africa
• Wandering musicians and praise singers were found
  throughout west Africa
• African music eventually evolved in the Americas
  and gave us the popular styles of jazz and the
  blues

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Music of the Revolution

• The revolution inspired only a handful of new
  musical compositions
• James Fulds book of world famous music only
  lists three songs to come from the revolutionary
  period
• British Grenadiers
• God Save the King
• Yankee Doodle
• Americans often changed the verses of well known
  music to fit their own lyrics and not composing
  their own music
• Music of the time
• The music of the time that was considered
  popular is difficult to the twenty first
  century listener to understand
• Unlike music of today music in eighteenth century
  America was not written for concert performance
• Concert music of the time had dynamics and was
  meant to make a paying audience feel a certain
  way
• Music of the revolution was more functional than
  artistic

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Music of the Revolution Cont.

• William Billings (1746-1800)
• The New England Psalm Singer in 1770 was the
  first full collection of American music written
  by Billings
• Contained 126 pieces
• Billings was a Boston Tanner who cared about
  music of the period
• Billings s aw psalmody as an art and himself as
  an artist and was one of the first Americans to
  do so
• American Psalmody
• Took on a different style than British psalmody
• Most European music and Billings of the time was
  accompanied with a piano piece that set order and
  governess to the piece
• Francis Hopkinson
• The only native born American musician in the
  colonies that we know of before the revolution
  who can be called a composer of secular music
• Began to study harpsichord at age 17
• Could play popular European music of the time but
  wrote few pieces himself
• Hopkinson attained a level of skill not matched
  by the Americans of his generation
• The need to master complex tonal harmony and
  attain keyboard skill made very few native born
  Americans capable of writing secular music
  comparable to their European counterparts

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Music of the Revolution Cont.

• Songsters
• Music of the time relied on text and tunes
  independent from one another
• Songsters were books of the time with printed
  lyrics and the name of a melody to which they
  were sung too
• Most Americans knew popular melodies of British
  theatre and Psalmody tunes
• Words would simply be replaced and put into the
  same melody
• The idea of musical creativity barely existed in
  the colonies
• Instruments and instrumental music
• Most instrumental music was for solo instruments
• Popular instruments in the colonies
• Violin
• Fife
• Flute
• No instrumental tutors existed in the colonies at
  the time
• To play the instruments you had to be essentially
  self taught

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Military Field Music

• Military Field Music The United States
• European military instruments were brought to the
  new world and used very similarly
• As militias formed in towns drummers played an
  important role of summoning men to take up arms
  in rural areas
• Revolutionary War drummers and fifers were often
  used to signal to the soldiers when to fire
• Drums
• Were an important part to the military unit
• Often decorated with emblems signifying a company

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The Music of George Washingtons Time

• Ballads, operas, and musical evenings in the home
  were frequent in the principal cities from 1750
  on
• Music in New England
• At first the puritans allowed no musical
  instruments
• Only allowed music that was to praise god
• Quakers advised members not to dance or listen to
  music
• In New York and the South music division was more
  welcome and accepted
• To our knowledge there were no native born
  composers until Francis Hopkinson (1737-1791)

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The Music of George Washingtons Time Cont.

• After the appearance of these three more native
  composers appeared but none did something that
  could be considered great
• Moravian Colony
• Settled in 1741 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
• Enjoyed music unknown to the rest of America
• Germans who brought their love of music with them
• Their orchestras and choruses reproduced music
  worthy of the masters
• When Washington visited Bethlehem in 1782 he was
  serenaded by the trombone choir
• Sadly their culture had little effect on the rest
  of America
• After the revolution
• Foreign musicians came to our shores
• Especially during the time of the French
  revolution they came in mass quantity
• These immigrants took our musical life in their
  hands
• They stifled attempts at native music because the
  more experienced European musicians took
  Americans spots in concerts
• Most of these musicians were English, French and
  German

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Early Concerts

• The first public concert in America was held in
  Boston
• It was held in 1731 when the new England ban of
  secular music was beginning to be lowered
• Named a Concert of Music on sundry Instruments
• Was held in the great room at Mr. Pelhams
• by 1754 there was a concert hall at the corner of
  Hanover and Court Streets
• After Boston Charleston South Carolina was the
  next city to see a concert venue built
• Then came New York
• 1736 there was advertised a "Consort of Musick,
  Vocal and Instrumental
• for the benefit of Mr. Pachelbel, the Harpsichord
  Part performed by Himself
• Philadelphia heard its first advertised concert
  in 1757
• John Palma offered an affair "at the Assembly
  Room in Lodge Alley", January 25th
• It seems there were concerts before this one in
  Philadelphia that werent on record
• Philadelphias population, besides the Quakers
  were fond of entertainment
• Dancing was taught in boarding schools as early
  as 1728
• During the interval of the revolution congress
  passed a resolution to discourage every species
  of extravagance and dissipation in 1774

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Early Concerts Cont.

• Concerts were offered regularly in the principal
  cities after the revolution
• Many pieces of the time have been lost
• Handel, Haydn, and, in the closing years of the
  century, Mozart, were well represented in
  concerts of the era
• the overtures of the London Bach - Johann
  Christian (son of Johann Sebastian), were played
  often
• typical programs of the period offered a variety
  of compositions

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Important People

• Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) - An Italian
  composer and violinist who exercised wide
  influence on contemporaries. Born in Italy a
  generation before Bach he studied in Bologna and
  formed a distinguished musical career. He can be
  seen as a teacher, violinist, and composer
•  
• John Dunstaple (1390-1453) An English composer
  of polyphonic music in the renaissance era.
  Unlike many composers of the time he was not a
  cleric.
•  

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Important People Cont.

• James Lyon(1735-1794)- Compiled Urania, a large
  collection of sacred music, and published it in
  1761. James Lyon was one of the First American
  musicians. Urania is far larger than any previous
  American music compilation. James Lyon helped
  develop American Psalmody, one of the first
  styles of music manipulated in America.
• John Arnold(1741-1777)- Wrote Compleat Psalmodist
  which dealt with distinguishing musical intervals
  as consonant or dissonant. Americans took his
  work literally and the hierarchical ordering of
  harmonies was lost. This peeled away important
  layers of British tradition and caused Americans
  to write music in their own unique style.

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Important People Cont.

• Francis Hopkinson (1737-1791)-Americas first
  native composer
• William Billings (1746-1800)-writer of the New
  England Psalm singer and one of the first
  original American composers

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Definitions

• Baroque- musical period following the renaissance
  from 1600-1750
• Kola- traditional West African harp
• Harmony- a simultaneous combination of notes
• Polyphony- a piece utilizing many styles of sound
• Melody- musical sound in agreeable succession

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Definitions Cont.

• Psalmody- popular pre-revolution music which
  merged music and psalms of the bible
• Songsters- books in the 18th century that took
  popular melodies and applied different lyrics to
  them
• Consonant- musical intervals deemed acceptable in
  traditional British musical structure
• Dissonant- Musical intervals deemed unacceptable
  in traditional British musical verse and
  structure
• Harpsichord- musical instrument played by means
  of a keyboard that produces a sound by plucking a
  string when a key is pressed

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Definitions Cont.

• Sonata- a composition of two or more instruments,
  typically in three or four movements
• Suite- an ordered series of instrumental dances
  generally in the same key
• Minuet- a slow dance in triple meter, popular in
  the 17th and 18th centuries
• Overture- musical prelude to an opera, etc.
• Finale- the last piece of an opera etc.

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Quiz

• 1. Why were the Europeans so perplexed by Native
  American music?
• A. It lacked structure and melody
• B. It possessed complex polyphony
• C. The use of many instruments led them to
  misinterpret the music
• D. Europeans possessed little musical knowledge
• 2.How were West African and Native American music
  similar?
• A. They used string instruments
• B. They used complex lyrics
• C. Both used many percussion instruments
• D. West African and Native American music was
  not similar
• 3. Name one traditional West African instrument
• A. Guitar
• B. The rattle
• C. The violin
• D. The kola
• 4. In Native American culture who owned music?
• A. The chief
• B. The person who paid the musician
• C. The child of the musician

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Quiz Cont.

• 5. When was the Baroque era?
• A. 1300-1400
• B. 1400-1500
• C. 1500-1600
• D. 1600-1750
• 6. How were West African and Native American
  music different?
• A. One used string instruments more than the
  other
• B. The use of drums was only applied in West
  African music
• C. Only native American music used the flute
• D. West African music and Native American music
  was similar in every way
• 7. What often accompanied traditional West Africa
  Music?
• A. Poetry
• B. Complex lyrics
• C. Dance
• D. A celebration
• 8. In Europe when did music become structured
  based on arithmetic proportion?
• A. In the medieval era
• B. During the renaissance
• C. The period between the renaissance and
  baroque era

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Quiz Cont.

• 10. What styles emerged from West African music
  in the Americas?
• A. Classical
• B. Jazz
• C. Blues
• D. Both B and C
•  

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Quiz Answer Key

• 1. A
• 2. C
• 3. D
• 4. D
• 5. D
• 6. C
• 7. C
• 8. C
• 9. D
• 10. D

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Quiz 2

• 1. Music of the Revolution
• A. Produced prolific creativity and new
  composers
• B. Did not veer away from British music at all
• C. Produced a handful of original American tunes
• D. Music was not important to the lives of
  Americans at the time
• 2. Three original revolutionary songs include
• A. British Grenadiers
• B. God Save the King
• C. Yankee Doodle
• D. All of the above
• 3. Music of the pre- revolutionary time period
  was written to
• A. Serve as functional
• B. Be listened to
• C. Be performed at a concert
• D. Music was not present in America at the time
• 4. How was music passed on during this time
  period?
• A. Oral tradition
• B. Few printed books
• C. Sheet music

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Quiz 2 Cont.

• 5. William Billings Wrote
• A. Symphony 40 in B minor
• B. The New England Psalm Singer
• C. Handbook for the Modern American Psalmody
  Composer
• D. Compilation of Modern American music
• 6. American Psalmody
• A. Was identical to that of British psalmody
• B. Possessed random note structure
• C. Was taken from British psalmody but possessed
  different qualities
• D. Was all written to be played on a keyboard
• 7. The only native born American musician in the
  colonies that we know of before the revolution
  who can be called a composer of secular music
  was?
• A. William Billings
• B. James Lyon
• C. John Arnold
• D. Francis Hopkinson
• 8. Songsters applied the use of the same
  structure with different lyrics
• A. Melodic
• B. Note
• C. Time

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Quiz 2 Cont.

• 10. Each regiment in the British and American
  Army possessed
• A. Two fifers and two drummers
• B. 200 soldiers
• C. Only one drummer
• D. An officer for every 10 soldiers

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Quiz 2 Answer Key

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. A

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Quiz 3

• 1. Military drummers were used to
• A. Call soldiers to arms
• B. Signal troops to fire
• C. Amuse soldiers
• D. Both A and B
• 2. The following were popular in the home from
  1750 on
• A. Ballads
• B. Operas
• C. Musical evening
• D. All of the above
• 3. Quakers
• A. Supported musical creativity
• B. Had a wide variety of composers
• C. Did not support their followers listening to
  music
• D. Never heard music
• 4. The first manuscript of Hopkinsons bears the
  date
• A. 1756
• B. 1759
• C. 1761

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Quiz 3 Cont.

• 5. The Moravian colony was made up of
• A. English
• B. Germans
• C. French
• D. Spanish
• 6. After the revolution
• A. Musical creativity went stagnant
• B. Many European composers came to America
• C. American composers were greatly influential
• D. Continental congressed banned concerts for 3
  years
• 7. The first public American concert was held in
• A. Philadelphia
• B. New York
• C. Boston
• D. Charleston
• 8. The first public concert was held in the year
• A. 1731
• B. 1733
• C. 1735

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Quiz 3 Cont.

• 10. A composer popular in concerts of the time
• A. Handel
• B. Haydn
• C. Mozart
• D. All of the above

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Quiz 3 Answer Key

• D
• D
• C
• B
• B
• B
• A
• A
• B
• D

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Referances

• Crawford, Richard. (1996). The birth of liberty
  music of the revolution. Retrieved from
  http//www.dramonline.org/content/notes/nwr/80276.
  
• Tasker, J. (n.d.). Music of washingtons time.
  Retrieved from http//www.americanrevolution.org/w
  ashingtonsmusic.html

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References Cont.

• Native american music. (2000). Retrieved from
  http//nativeamericancultures.com/music.htm
• Charry, E. (n.d.). West african music. Retrieved
  from http//echarry.web.wesleyan.edu/Afmus.html