Leisure In America Thematic PowerPoint Project

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Leisure In AmericaThematic PowerPointProject

• By Dhev Patel
• Period 6
• 10/20/10

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Before 1500-1800
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Native American Leisure
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Oral Traditions

• Native Americans have always had a deep respect
  for animals and nature and have long included
  them as the main characters in stories and
  legends passed down for generations.
• These stories served as entertainment for tribes,
  usually including explanations for natural
  phenomena.
• They often had morals, and also taught young
  tribe members about animals and nature and
  fostered a respect for the natural world.

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Drawings/Paintings

• Some Native American tribes used pictographs
  (ancient drawings or paintings) as a form of
  written communication and also a form of art.
• They were often painted on tepees on clothing,
  and cave walls.
• This allowed tribes to share and pass on stories
  and to record historical events.

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Games

• Historically, games were an important part of
  Native American culture.
• Some games were restricted to men, some to women,
  and some were open to all, including young and
  old.
• There were games of chance and games of skill.
• They were not always just for amusement, but also
  to learn and to gain or improve many skills and
  to hone the senses.
• Games have been played for learning,
  entertainment and even for worship. They are a
  way of handing down tradition and knowledge to
  other generations.
• Native American children (Sioux particularly)
  played games that aided in their future as a
  scout or hunter.

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Games continued

• Winners of games were highly respected in the
  tribe. Native Americans are thought to have
  invented a lot of team games or sports, including
  lacrosse.
• These games often taught cooperation and
  encouraged social interaction within tribes and
  with other tribes. One early explorer who came to
  North America described seeing a game of lacrosse
  in which hundreds of players took part.
• The stick game was played by the Iroquois tribe,
  and tested the throwing accuracy of tribe
  members.
• The Iroquois and many other eastern tribes also
  played the rock game and it tested cleverness and
  skills in planning.

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Adult Native American Activities

• On many occasions the Native Americans would buy
  alcohol from the Europeans after they had sold
  them the winters fur they had obtained in the
  forest and become highly intoxicated. As in
  modern society many people drink after a long
  hard day of work to relax, as so did the Indians.
• Gambling was a form of entertainment enjoyed by
  adults.
• Betting took place on many games of dexterity
  like the various ball games.

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Gambling continued

• There was one gambling game that was particularly
  popular Bowl and Dice. The dice were circular
  discs made from bone or antler, with one side
  plain and one side ornamental. This game was
  simple in its play, yet complicated in the way
  the score was kept. The dice were tossed in a
  bowl, and sticks were awarded for getting five or
  six dice with the same side showing. Counting
  sticks of various sizes were awarded. These
  sticks were placed in piles, which kept track of
  how much they were worth. Bowl and Dice was often
  played in a large gaming house made from poles
  set in the ground and covered with tree boughs.
  Indians of New England played this game in the
  1600s for animal skins, furs, kettles or axes.

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Celebrations

• The Pueblo Indians had feast day celebrations,
  which often include dances in brilliant attire
  and sacred rituals.
• Celebrations were known to be carried out by many
  Native American Tribes and was even set on
  specific days such as holidays we have know

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Indian Children Leisure

• Little Indian girls played with dolls that were
  fashioned from corn stalks, cattails, corncobs
  and other indigenous materials. Little girls
  decorated and beaded cradleboards and dolls'
  clothing. Girls also constructed dolls' mats and
  tiny wigwams, and in doing so, were being trained
  by their mothers.
• Young boys had small bows, slings, spears and
  fishing equipment to play with. As the boys
  became older they learned to make these things
  for themselves and to use them for hunting small
  prey.

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Indian Children Leisure continued

• There were many games but few toys in the Native
  American culture. The Buzzer was a toy and it was
  constructed of a circular piece of bone or antler
  with two holes in the center. It was threaded
  with a piece of sinew. The sinew was attached to
  small pieces of bone or wood that were used as
  handles. The child would grasp the handles and
  alternately pull and relax the sinew making the
  circular piece spin and buzz.
• Native American children (Sioux particularly)
  played games that aided in their future as a
  scout or hunter. Feasts would be held for many
  reasons, which would include eating, dancing, and
  singing.

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Colonial Leisure
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Music/Poetry

• The musical and poetic entertainment 13th century
  was about courtly love, troubadours, and
  minstrels, minnesingers, who sang and played for
  the people, high and low, across Europe.
• They sang about King Arthur and Guinevere,
  Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Galahad. These are names
  that have not been forgotten. Imagine hearing
  about them for the first time from people who
  sang popular music of the day.
• The Nibelungenlied was new in the 13th century.
  People like Walter von derVogelweide and Wolfram
  von Eschenbach were writing music and poetry.
• Dante Alighieri wrote many masterpieces in the
  time period and created the visions of hell.

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Theater

• The theater was moving away from purely
  liturgical themes and purely moralizing to drama
  of "manners," meaning secular theater.
• The musical comedy, Jeu de Robin et Marion, by
  Adam de la Halle, dates from this time. The
  entertainment of the 13th century had something
  that earlier entertainment of the Middle Ages was
  lacking by comparison, which was new and exciting
  material, and lots of it.
• In the early 18th century most towns did not have
  a purpose built theatre. Plays were staged in
  buildings like inns. The late 18th century
  theatres were built in most towns.

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Games

• Colonial societies played a game called ninepins.
  Ninepins is closely related to our form of
  bowling with minor differences. Ninepins would be
  placed three in a row on the lawn and the object
  was to knock down all ninepins with a ball. The
  slope of the lawn made the game tricky.
• Males Females played competitive sorts like
  different forms of basketball.
• Dangerous games were also a huge part of the
  times, such as knife and tomahawk throwing,
  running, and shooting.
• But people of colonial times were also interested
  in healthy activities as well, such as walking,
  swimming, and horse racing.
• The three most popular card games that people
  played during colonial times were piquet, euchre,
  and whist. Both Piquet and Euchre were introduced
  by the French and brought over to early colonial
  times where it was picked up immediately.

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New Modern Games

• A kind of cricket was played long before the 18th
  century but at that time it took on its modern
  form. The first cricket club was formed at
  Hambledon in Hampshire about 1750, which struck
  to colonists has another way to entertain
  themselves with their friends family.
• Horse racing was carried on for centuries before
  18th century but at this time it became a
  professional sport. The Jockey Club was formed in
  1727. The Derby began in 1780.
• John Spilsbury made the first jigsaw puzzle in
  1767. He intended to teach geography by cutting
  maps into pieces but soon people began making
  jigsaws for entertainment.

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New ModernGames continued

• Late 18th century the circus became a popular
  form of entertainment.
• Reading was also a popular pastime and the first
  novels were published at this time. Books were
  still expensive but in many towns you could pay
  to join a circulating library.

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Cruel forms of Leisure

• Many people enjoyed cruel 'sports' like
  cockfighting and bull baiting. (A bull was
  chained to a post and dogs were trained to attack
  it). Rich people liked fox hunting.
• Public executions were also popular and they drew
  large crowds.

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Adult Leisure

• Smoking clay pipes was popular in the 18th
  century. As well as Taking snuff.
• The colonists who were wealthy would go on back
  to their motherland, England, and vacation for a
  while.
• Also in the 18th century rich people visited
  spas. They believed that bathing in and/or
  drinking spa water could cure illness. At the end
  of the 18th century wealthy people began to spend
  time at the seaside. (Again they believed that
  bathing in seawater was good for your health).

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Children inColonial Societies

• Children in Colonies spent their leisure time
  playing marbles, spun tops, flew kites, and
  played tag.
• Girls specifically played with dolls, they also
  liked to sing and play blind mans bluff.
• One popular outdoor game was rolling the hoop.
  Taking a big wooden hoop, the children would race
  each other from one point to another on the lawn.
  The object of the game was to see who could get
  to the finishing point fastest.

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African Leisure
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Traditional

• The African slave communities in coastal Georgia
  practiced their traditional dance, song, and
  story to New World circumstances.
• African Slaves also found reconnections in
  traditional arts such as woodworking, iron
  making, and weaving.
• In America, slaves re-created African Instruments
  such as the banjo, and mastered the art of the
  European violin guitar.
• One of the most important developments of the
  18th century was the invention of African
  American language. The two most important
  dialects were Gullah and Geeche.

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Culinary Arts

• African American culinary arts are responsible
  for such southern specialties as barbecue, fried
  chicken, black-eyed peas, and various greens
  including collard and mustard.

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Terms
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Terms 1st submission

• 1.Lacrosse-Sport played with netted stick
• 2.Comedy-Humorus play, movie, book
• 3.Gambling- Betting, (Native Americans used
  goods)
• 4.Jousting- Medieval Tournament
• 5.Troubadours- medieval poet or singer

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Terms 2nd Submission

• 1.Ninepins- Similar to bowling, Ninepins would be
  placed three in a row on the lawn and the object
  was to knock down all ninepins with a ball. The
  slope of the lawn made the game tricky.
• 2.Pictographs-An ideogram that conveys its
  meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a
  physical object.
• 4.Piqute- A old French card game that had only
  two players and 32 cards.
• 5.Cradelboards- The cradleboard provided a secure
  and safe environment for the small baby. The baby
  was kept in the cradleboard at all times. This
  helped to keep the child's backbone and legs
  straight, further strengthen the neck muscles,
  and provide an opportunity for the infant to be
  visually and emotionally stimulated by his
  environment and family. The child could be
  carried on his mother's back using a strap
  attached to the back of the cradleboard. This
  way, the mother could be free to work with her
  hands.

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Terms 3rd Submission

• 1.Snuff- ground or pulverized tobacco, which is
  generally insufflated or "snuffed" through the
  nose. It is a type of smokeless tobacco. There
  are several types, but traditionally it means
  Dry/European nasal snuff. In the United States
  and Canada, "snuff" can also refer to dipping
  tobacco, which is applied to the gums rather than
  inhaled.
• 2.Cricket- Bat-and-ball team sport. Many
  variations exist, with its most popular form
  played on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as a
  cricket field at the centre of which is a
  rectangular 22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is
  the focus of the game. A game (or match) is
  contested between two teams of eleven players
  each. One team bats, and will try to score as
  many runs as possible while the other team bowls
  and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and
  thus limit the runs scored by the batting team.
  The striking batsman hitting the ball with his
  bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and
  touching the crease there without being
  dismissed, scores a run. The teams switch between
  batting and fielding at the end of an innings.
• 3.Draughts-checkers is a group of abstract
  strategy board games between two players which
  involve diagonal moves of uniform pieces and
  mandatory captures by jumping over the enemy's
  pieces.
• 4.Backgammon- One of the oldest board games for
  two players. The playing pieces are moved
  according to the roll of dice, and players win by
  removing all of their pieces from the board.
  There are many variants of backgammon, most of
  which share common traits. Backgammon is a member
  of the tables family, one of the oldest classes
  of board games in the world.
• 5.Comedy-Humorous play, movie, book.

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People
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Dante Alighieri

• The man who created the visions of hell in his
  novels such as Dantes Inferno. Born into a
  Florentine family of noble ancestry. Little is
  known about Dante'schildhood, but the city where
  he spent the first 38 years of his life was an
  important cultural and political center. Dante's
  mother, Bella degliAbati, died when he was seven
  years old. His father, Alighiero II, made his
  living by money-lending and renting of property.
  After the death of his wife he remarried, but
  died in the early 1280s, before the future poet
  reached manhood

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Walter von derVogelweide

• Walter von derVogelweide- He started to write
  about music and poetry in the 13th century and
  was the Greatest German lyric poet. Of knightly
  birth, Walther was educated at a monastery school
  and served masters in several courts. His poetry
  goes far beyond the artificial conventions
  followed by other minnesingers by introducing an
  element of realism. He emphasizes the virtues of
  the balanced life, in both the social and the
  personal spheres. More than half of his
  approximately 200 extant poems are political,
  moral, or religious the rest are love poems,
  among them the popular "Unterder Linden."

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William Shakespeare

• William Shakespeare lived for 52 years. In just
  23 years, between approximately 1590 and 1613, he
  is attributed with writing 38 plays, Famous
  Shakespearean sonnets and 5 other poems. He is
  the most widely read of all Authors and the
  popularity of the Life and Works of Shakespeare,
  in English speaking countries, is second only to
  the bible. Some of his most famous work are
  Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

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Edmund Spenser

• Edmund Spenser was a English poet who was born in
  London around 1552. He is best known for The
  Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical
  allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and
  Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the
  premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its
  infancy, and one of the greatest poets in the
  English language. He was educated in London at
  the Merchant Taylors School and matriculated as
  a sizar at Pembroke college, Cambridge. Since
  1591-1596 he had produced 20 pieces of
  literature.

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John Spilsbury

• "For the purpose of teaching geography," John
  Spilsbury, a teacher in England, created the
  first jigsaw puzzle in the year 1767. Adhering
  his maps to flat hardwood, he used a fine saw to
  cut along the borders of the European countries,
  and the jigsaw puzzle was born. Hand-painted and
  made of wood, the puzzle was a map of England and
  Wales, with each county making up a separate
  piece.

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Richard Cumberland

• Richard Cumberland-Dramatic and miscellaneous
  writer Richard Cumberland was born February,
  1732, and died May, 1811. The son of Dr. Denison
  Cumberland, Bishop of Kilmore, he was educated at
  Westminster and Cambridge, and was successively
  private secretary to Lord Halifax, Crown agent
  for Nova Scotia, assistant-secretary (and
  afterwards secretary) to the Board of Trade.

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Multiple Choice Questions

• 1.How did Native Americans obtain alcohol?
• A) Traded Fur B) Stole it C) killed for it D)
  Begged for it
• 2.Why Did Native Americans praise so highly on
  the animals around them?
• A) Because they feared them B) They respected
  them C) They were their pets
• D) It was their law
• 3.What is unique about how Indians pass down
  information over generations of time?
• A) Nothing B) All done orally C) They had
  pictographs D) By music
• 4.What was the musical and poetic entertainment
  of the 13th century about?
• A) Anger B) Envy C) Abhorring D) Courtly Love
• 5.What game was invented by the Indians and is
  widely known and played today?
• A) Soccer B) Golf C) Tennis D) Lacrosse
• 6.Dante entertained the known world with what?
• A) Poetry B) Boxing C) Visions of Hell D)
  Visions of peace

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Multiple Choice Questions continued

• 7.The theater was moving away from purely
  liturgical themes and purely moralizing to what
  in the 13th century?
• A) Action B) Drama C) Comedy D) Horror
• 8. The Iroquois and many other eastern tribes
  played what game in order to improve cleverness
  and skills in planning?
• A) The Maze Game B) The Rock Game C) The Fire
  Game D) The Water Game
• 9.Which one does not apply to European 13th
  century leisure?
• A) Sleeping B) Archery Contest C) Hunting D)
  Jousting Tournaments
• 10. Native Americans played games for leisure and
  other reasons, which one doesnt apply?
• A) Learning B) Entertainment C) Effort D)
  Worship
• 11. What activity was most popular for men and
  women doing together?
• A) Hunting B) Boxing C) Drinking D) Running

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Multiple ChoiceQuestions continued

• 12.Young Indian Boys played with all of the
  following except?
• A )Cradleboards B) Slings C) Spears D) Small
  bows
• 13. Native Americans held feasts for special
  occasions, which would include all of the
  following except?
• A) Singing B) Fighting C) Dancing D) Eating
• 14.African American culinary arts are responsible
  for all of the following southern specialties
  except?
• A) Barbecue B) Fried Chicken C) Black-eyed
  peas D) Mash Potatoes
• 15. Recreation for men involved many of the
  spectator sports, all of the following are
  correct except for?
• A) Baiting B) Fishing C) Boxing D)
  Cockfighting
• 16. All of the following were the most popular
  card games played during the colonial period
  except?
• A) Piquet B) Euchre C) Whist D) Wolf

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Multiple Choice Questions continued

• 17. African Slaves found reconnections in
  traditional arts in America, which of the
  following is incorrect?
• A) Playing Games B) Woodworking C) Iron
  making D) Weaving
• 18. Colonial societies played a game called
  ninepins, which is similar to what modern game?
• A) Bowling B) Soccer C) Fishing D) Lacrosse
• 19. Colonists did all of the following for
  recreation except?
• A) Weaving B) Watch Operas C) Played Board
  Games D) Gamble
• 20.In America, slaves re-created African
  instruments such as which of the following?
• A) Banjo B) Violin C) Guitar D) Piano
• 21.Which of the following is a traditional game
  played in colonial society?
• A) Chess B) Bull Baiting C) The Rock Game D)
  Jigsaw

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Multiple ChoiceQuestions continued

• 22.Richard Cumberland wrote all of the following
  except?
• A) The Choleric Man B) The summers Tale C) The
  clouds D) The Natural Son
• 23.Who created the Jigsaw puzzle?
• A) Harry Potter B) John Spilsbury C) Richard
  Cumberland D) Thomas Jefferson
• 24. Backgammon is played between how many
  players?
• A) 5 B) 3 C) 2 D) 4
• 25. Cricket is what kind of sport?
• A) Soccer B) Baseball C) Football D) Tennis
• 26. What is snuff?
• A) Tobacco B) A game C) A City D) Food

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Multiple ChoiceQuestions continued

• 27. Draughts is similar to what game?
• A) Checkers B) Chess C) Backgammon D) Tennis
• 28. Where were most plays staged during the early
  18th century?
• A) Theatre B) Inns C) Town hall D) Gardens
• 29. The Jockey Club was formed in what year?
• A) 1720 B) 1726 C) 1724 D) 1727
• 30. What year did Richard Cumberland die?
• A) 1811 B)1810 C) 1809 D)1812

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Multiple ChoiceQuestions Answers

• 1.A 11.C 21.A
• 2.B 12.A 22.D
• 3.B 13.B 23.B
• 4.D 14.D 24.C
• 5.D 15.B 25.B
• 6.C 16.D 26.A
• 7.B 17.A 27.A
• 8.B 18.A 28.B
• 9.A 19.A 29.D
• 10.C 20.A 30.A

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References

• http//cwx.prenhall.com
• http//www.luminarium.org/renlit/spenser.htm
• http//www.pagat.com/notrump/piquet.html
• http//www.unr.edu/nnap/nt/f-12.htm
• http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a
  /Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogel
  weide

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References continued

• http//www.localhistories.org/games.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughts
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon
• http//www.theatredatabase.com/18th_century/richar
  d_cumberland.html
• www.google.com
• www.wikianswers.com