Gene Technology

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Gene Technology

• DNA Fingerprinting, Recombinant DNA, Genetic
  Engineering, Karyotyping

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IN Activity

• What do you already know about some of the ways
  scientists can alter the genes of an organism?

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What is a GENOME?

• A genome is the total collection of genes an
  organism has.
• Ex Human Genome Project- scientists now know the
  sequence of 20,500 genes!
• Gene technology helps scientists study genomes of
  organisms

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DNA Fingerprinting

• Also called DNA Profiling
• Used to determine paternity or to find criminals
  with DNA left at crime scenes
• Everyones DNA fingerprint is unique.except
  identical twins!
• Although, you will have characteristics of your
  mothers and fathers fingerprints

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DNA Fingerprinting

• If only a small amount of DNA is available, you
  can induce replication using polymerase molecules
  extracted from bacteria
• This is called a Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR

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DNA Fingerprinting
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DNA Fingerprinting

• Special enzymes called restriction enzymes cut
  the DNA in specific places
• This creates different sized pieces of DNA
• Everyones DNA will be cut into different sized
  pieces EXCEPT identical twins
• This cut DNA is placed into an agarose gel which
  is then hooked to electrodes

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DNA Fingerprinting

• DNA is negatively charged, so it travels toward
  the positive electrode
• Smaller pieces travel faster and make it farther
  away from the starting point
• This is called Gel Electrophoresis

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Who committed the crime?
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Recombinant DNA

• Scientists use recombinant DNA technology to
  trick bacteria into making things we need
• Insulin for injections is made using this process

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Recombinant DNA Making insulin

• Steps
• 1. The insulin gene is isolated and cut out of
  a human cell
• 2. A plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell
• A piece of the plasmid is removed and the human
  gene is inserted
• The recombinant plasmid is inserted back into the
  bacterial cell
• The bacterial cell will now produce insulin as a
  product of its transcription and translation

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Some other uses for Recombinant DNA

• Chymosin used to make cheese
• Human growth hormone used to supplement growth
  or as a performance enhancing drug
• Blood clotting factors for patients with
  hemophilia
• Hepatitis B Vaccine

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Genetic Engineering
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Genetic Engineering

• Used frequently in the agriculture industry
• Organisms that have been genetically engineered
  are referred to as GMOs, or Genetically Modified
  Organisms
• Can be used to make crops drought-resistant or
  pesticide-resistant

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Karyotyping

• Karyotype-picture of chromosomes
• Helps to identify chromosomal mutations (NOT DNA
  mutations)

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Karyotyping

• Monosomy one copy of a chromosome
• Trisomy three copies of a chromosome
• Caused by NON-DISJUNCTION during meiosis

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OUT

• Describe DNA Fingerprinting, Recombinant DNA
  Technology, Genetic Engineering, and Karyotyping
  in your own words.