Unit 4, Genetics: Part 2

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Unit 4, Genetics Part 2

• DNA / RNA / Protein Synthesis

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Journal Week 17, Tuesday, January 6th

• Monday J No School!
• J Reflect on the first semester of Biology.
• What was your semester grade?
• What grade did you get on your final?
• Are you happy with your performance?
• What topics do you still have questions about?
• What topics did you master?
• Did you have a different teacher?
• What did you/did you not like?
• How do you fit into the data on the board?
• CW Policy Discussion / Class Expectations / Set
  up Protein synthesis section
• HW None

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Class Expectations

• In your seat, ready at the bell.
• Notebook Out / Working on Journal Question /
  Homework turned into basket/ Writing down HW for
  Day
• Actively participating in class activities.
• Maintain notebook / take notes/ complete class
  activities/ participate in class
• Respect for all.
• Do your absolute best.
• Participating / Completing all homework / staying
  organized / STUDYING.

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Class Policies

• Phones
• NONE. Unless I tell you its okay. Out during a
  test/quiz 0
• Homework
• Stamps
• Due on the due date (posted on back wall front
  board)
• You will receive the appropriate amount of stamps
  or an INC (it is either incomplete or incorrect
  you have until the end of the stamp collection to
  fix it and turn it back in)
• One day late rule applies? Will not be accepted
  after that
• Bathroom
• Potty passes
• will be issued to each of you. DONT LOSE IT! NO
  PASS NO LEAVING THE ROOM. Passes will be
  collected at the end of the marking period. Each
  unused box 2.5pts EC
• Supplies
• BE RESPECTFUL or they GO AWAY!
• All supplies are numbered and belong in their
  appropriate basket. Do NOT remove any supply from
  this room. Return always to correct place.

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Where?

• Keep My Binder?
• Bin in the back of the roomyour period . KEEP
  NEAT PLEASE!!!
• Supplies?
• In the Bin.or at the student resource center.
  Please return supplies to correct locations
• Kleenex?
• Front counter and my desk
• Extra Copies
• Student resource center

• Band-aids?
• Ask me
• Turn in Journals?
• Bin Labeled Honors on my desk
• Turn in other HW?
• Bin Labeled Honors on my desk
• Pick up Graded Work?
• Black tiers with class
• Missing folder info?
• Large blue binder by my desk (ask to use it)
• DATE?
• Power Point

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I have a 0and I did it.

• Look in the No Name Bin
• Found it? Put your name on it and put it in the
  bin up front!
• Look in the Graded work Bin
• Found it? Put it in the bin up frontsorry I
  missed it.
• Talk with me about it.
• Make sure you know what the assignment was,
  please dont say I have a zero for something.
  Talk at the beginning/end or when we have a free
  minute.

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Resources

• Website
• www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/channa
• Remind 101
• Text _at_HannaBioH/ To [phone]
• Email
• Hannac_at_pcsb.org
• INTERACTIVE Notebook
• Internet
• Tutoring
• Any timejust request it!

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Journal Week 17. Wednesday, January 7th

• J Brain Dump of 1st semester topics!
• CW Review of Semester 1 Topics
• HW None

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Protein Synthesis- Title AND Number EACH Page
Left Side, Pg Right Side, Pg
Codon chart, 13 RNA Notes, 14
Transcription Reinforcement, 15 Transcription Notes, 16
Translation Reinforcement, 17 Translation Notes, 18
Protein Synthesis Overview, 19 Transcription Lab Activity, 20
Gene Expression Reinforcement, 21 Mutations Notes, 22
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Journal Week 17, Thursday, January 8th

• J Bozeman- 10 fact- DNA RNA
• TI- none
• CW RNA Structure Notes (pg 14)
• HW Interactive Reader (Read, highlight, answer
  qs) pgs 134-142 DUE T 1/13

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Structures of DNA / RNA

• RNA
• Single stranded
• SugarRibose
• 5 carbon sugar
• Phosphate group
• Bases Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
• AU
• CG

• DNA
• Double Stranded
• Sugar Deoxyribose
• 5 carbon sugar
• Phosphate group
• Bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
• AT
• CG

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Types of RNA

• Three main types
• Messenger RNA
• 2.Transfer RNA
• Ribosomal RNA

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• Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries DNA code (message)
  to ribosomes for translation

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• Transfer RNA(tRNA)

brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein
synthesis (making)
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• Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) Ribosomes are made of rRNA
  and protein

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Journal Week 17, Friday, January 9th

• J What are the bases of RNA? What are the base
  pair combinations?
• TI None
• CW Transcription Notes (pg 16), Reinforecment
  (pg 15)
• HW Reader Pages
• Pgs. 134- 142 -gt Read, Highlight, and Answer
  Questions DUE T 1/13

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DNA -gt RNAStep 1 Transcription

• Transcription RNA molecules are made by copying
  part of DNA nucleotide sequence into
  complementary mRNA sequence
• Occurs in the Nucleus

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• 1) RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates
  strands
• 2) RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a
  template ,then assembles nucleotides into a
  strand of mRNA

Note Remember the change of the T base to URACIL!
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How Does it Work?

• RNA Polymerase binds and starts at a region on
  the DNA known as a promoter
• RNA strands are then edited
• Some parts are removed, called introns, which are
  not expressed
• Parts that are left are called exons or expressed
  genes

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Journal Week 18, Monday, January 12th

• J Copy the following DNA strand and transcribe.
  (DNA? mRNA)
• T A T T G G C A T G C G
• TI none
• CW Translation Notes (pg 18), Reinforcement (pg
  17)
• HW Interactive reader pgs 134-142 DUE T 1/13,
  Transcription and Translation Coloring Wkst DUE W
  1/14

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RNA ? ProteinStep 2 Translation

• The cell uses mRNA to produce proteins
• mRNA moves to the cytoplasm -gt to ribosomes
• tRNA read the mRNA codons and obtain the amino
  acid its coded for (using anticodon)
• Ribosomes (rRNA) attach amino acids together
  forming a polypeptide chain (protein)
• Polypeptide chain keeps growing until a stop
  codon is reached

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The Genetic Code

• The language of mRNA
• Based on the 4 bases of mRNA
• A, U, G, C
• Codons Words -3 mRNA nitrogen base sequences
• Example aaacguucgccc
• aaa-cgu-ucg-ccc
• The amino acids would then be Lysine Arginine
  Serine - Proline

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The Genetic Code

• Ultimately, DNA RNA provide the information for
  synthesizing proteins
• There are 20 different amino acids ( the building
  blocks/ monomers of proteins)
• To determine which amino acid the RNA strand
  codes for, We use Codon Charts (pg 13).

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Codon Charts
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3 RNA bases Codon
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Journal Week 18, Tuesday, January 13th

• J Where does transcription take place? What is
  the outcome? Where does translation take place?
  What is the outcome?
• TI- Interactive Reader pgs 134- 142
• CW Protein Synthesis Overview (pg 19),
  Transcription Translation Lab Activity (pg 20)
• HW Finish Lab Activity DUE W 1/14, Transcription
  and Translation Coloring Wkst DUE W 1/14, RNA
  Protein Synthesis Quiz F 1/13

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(No Transcript)
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Sketch this picture onto pg 19 - Include lables!
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Journal Week 18, Wednesday, January 14th

• J What is the amino acid sequence for this DNA
  sequence?
• TTA GCG ATG GCA AAC
• TI- Check Transcription Lab Activity (10 pts),
  Transcription and Translation Coloring Wkst
• CW Transcription and Translation Work Day
• HW Finish Worksheet DUE Th 1/15, Protein
  Synthesis Quiz FRI 1/16

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Journal Week 18, Thursday, January 15th

• J Are all mutations harmful? Why, or why not?
  What are the potentially harmful effects of
  mutations?
• TI- Transcription and Translation worksheet
• CW Mutation Notes (pg 22), Gene Expression
  reinforcement (pg 21)
• HW Quiz on DNA RNA Tomorrow!!

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Mutation

• Now and then cells make an oops when copying
  their own DNA
• These mistakes are called mutations
• Mutations are changes in the genetic material
• On average a mutation occurs once
• every 1000 bases

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Mutations

• Gene mutations result from changes in a single
  gene
• Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the
  whole chromosomes

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Gene Mutation

• Point Mutation Affect one nucleotide, occurs at
  a single point on the gene
• Substitutions- 1 base changed to another

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(No Transcript)
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Gene Mutation

• Frameshift Mutation Inserting an extra
  nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide causes the
  entire code to shift
• Addition- a base is inserted
• Deletion- a base is removed

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Whats the difference you ask???

• Start with substitution
• DNA TAC GCA TGG AAT
• mRNA AUG CGU ACC UUA
• A.As
• Substitution
• DNA TAC GTA TGG AAT
• mRNA
• A.As
• What happened!?! What type of gene mutation is
  this? Point or frame shift?

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How about another example

• DNA TAC CGA TGG AAT
• mRNA AUG CGU ACC UUA
• A.AS Met - Arg - Thr - Leu
• Insertion
• DNA TAT CCG ATG GAA T
• mRNA
• A.As
• This is a type of mutation?

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Do You Remember.?

• What was the second kind of gene mutation?
• Chromosomal
• Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the
  whole chromosomes
• There are four types of chromosomal mutation
• Deletion, Duplication, Insertion, and
  Translocation

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Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS

• Deletion- Loss of all or part of chromosome
• Original Chromosome

A
B
C
D
E
F
A
C
D
E
F
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Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS

• Duplication- produce extra copies of segment
• Original Chromosome

A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
B
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Chromosomal Mutations- DRAW THIS

• Inversion- Reverse the direction of parts of
  chromosomes

A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
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Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS

• Translocation- Part of one chromosome breaks off
  and attaches to another

A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
K
J
L
G
H
I
D
E
F
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Chromosomal Mutation
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So Which type would you Rather Have Now?

• Point or Frameshift?

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Gene Regulation

• In simple cells (prokaryotic) lac genes which are
  controlled by stimuli, turn genes on and off
• In complex cells (eukaryotic) this process is not
  as simple
• Promoter sequences regulate gene operation

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So Which type would you Rather Have Now?

• Point or Frameshift?

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Examples
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Albinism- unable to produce pigment
One person in 17,000 in the U.S.A. has some type
of albinism.
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Hypertrichosis(Werewolf Syndrome)- excessive
growth of hair
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Progeria- premature aging
1 in 4 to 8 million children
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Marfans Syndrome- disorder of the connective
tissues
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Polymelia- extra limbs
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• Aren't you lucky?

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Journal Week 18, Friday, January 16th

• J Quiz reflection- 3 sentences
• TI- none
• CW Quiz On DNA RNA Protein Synthesis
• HW Mutations Wkst due Tues 1/20 (No School
  Monday)