Chapter 1 : The Science of Biology

1
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology

• Biology study of life
• Organism complete living thing

2
I. Scientific Method an orderly, logical series
of steps used to solve a problem

• Steps
• 1.Observation use of senses to detect a problem
• 2.Hypothesis educated guess as to the problem
• 3.Experiment testing a hypothesis
• a. controlled
  experiment-
• tests only 1 variable.
• b. variable
  thing being
• tested. Independent and dependent
  (dep. relies on ind.)

3

• c. data information from
• experimenting
• false true -qualitative description
• discard -quantitative numbers
• 4. retest
• 5. theory proven hypothesis
• 6. retest
• 7. scientific law 100 true
• Scientist anyone who uses the
  scientific method

4
II. Themes of Biology

• 1. Evolution species changing over time
• - adaptations change in an organism
• that allows it to live in its environ-
• ment better. Ex. Giraffe
• - phylogeny evolutionary history of an
• organism
• - homeostatis the balance between an
• organism and its environment.

5
2. Reproduction and Inheritance

• -- DNA chemicals that make up genes.
• -- Asexual reproduction offspring and
  parent are the same.
• -- Sexual reproduction offspring and parent
  are different.
• 3. Development growing process.
• 4. Structure and Function

6
5. Energy relationships used for life processes.

• --- autotrophs organisms that make their own
  food. Ex. Plants
• --- heterotrophs organisms that get energy
  from other organisms.
• 6. Ecology study of organisms in their
  environment.
• 7. Science and Society
• - Ethics study of right and wrong and our
  moral choices
• - Bioethics ethics dealing with biological
  issues.

7
II. Characteristics of Life

• Made up of cells (basic unit of life)
• Have organization structure to their makeup.
• cells tissue organ organ systems
• organisms
• 3. Energy used for growth and maintenance
• 4. Respond to Environment
• - stimulus condition that causes response.
• - response reaction to stimulus.
• -- homeostasis maintaining a balance

8
5. Growth growth from inside out.

• 6. Reproduction like make like.
• 7. Have a life span. Avg. 78,83
• a. beginning birth
• b. growth make more cells than die.
• c. maturity make 1 cell for each that dies
• d. decline more cells die than can be
  replaced.
• e. death all body processes stop.

9
8. Made up of essential elements

• C carbon
• H - hydrogen
• O - oxygen
• P - phosphorous
• K - potassium
• I - iodine
• N - nitrogen
• S sulfur
• C - calcium
• a
• F - iron
• e

10
II. Microscopes

• Anton von Leeweenhook made 1st microscope in
  late 1600s.
• Compound light microscope
• - uses 2 lenses and light
• - can view living things easily
• - doesnt magnify as high 1,000x max
• - total magnification eyepiece (10x)
• x objective

11
2. Electron Microscope uses electons and
magnets. Cant view living things very easily

• Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
• - 2-D
• - magnifies up to 200,000 x
• Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• - 3-D
• -magnifies up to 100,000 x
• c. Scanning Tunneling microscope (STM)
• - only see surface
• - can view living things
• - very expensive
• - magnifies up to 1,000,000x

12
Magnification how large an image is.
Resolution how clear

• magnification resolution
• III. Science and Society
• 1. Ethics study of right and wrong and our
  moral choices.
• 2. Bioethics ethics of biological issues.

13
VII. Lab Techniques

• 1. Cell Culture gaining an identical population
  of cells.
• 2. Fractionation releases parts of cells
• 3 Centrifugation separates cell parts by
  spinning
• 4. Chromatography separates chemicals by
  passing up a column of paper.
• 5. Electrophoresis separates pieces of large
  molecules (DNA) by their electrical charge.