Bellringer Tuesday, 03/15

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Bellringer Tuesday, 03/15
How could your group the following organisms.

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Times Up!
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Homework 8

• 1. Page 449 Questions 1-4
• 2. Page 459 Questions 1-3
• 3. Page 464 Questions 1-11
• Write the question and the complete answer (not
  just A or B or C)

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Species of Organisms

• There are 13 billion known species of organisms
• This is only 5 of all organisms that ever
  lived!!!!!
• New organisms are still
• being found and
• identified

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Who Needs a Classification System?
When you go to the grocery store, how do know how
to find the milk?
When you go to the clothing store, how do you
know where to look for your favorite brand?
When you go to the movie store, how do you find
the movie youre looking for?
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What is Classification?

• Classification is the arrangement of organisms
  into orderly groups based on their similarities
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with
  the grouping and naming of organisms
• Taxonomists are scientists that identify name
  organisms

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Why ?

• To help us study the earth
• To help us organize all the species we discover .
  . .
• To give every species a name based on a standard
  method so scientists from different countries can
  talk about the same animal without confusion

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Confusion over names

• Different meaning - same word
• Crib baby bed house
• Byte bite
• Bonnet baby hat England car hood
• Boot US shoe - England trunk
• Same thing different word
• US speed bump - England sleeping policeman
• US bathroom England loo
• Also WC John Crapper toilet washroom
  restroom head little boy/girls room
• Which language - Languages change

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Benefits of Classifying

• Accurately uniformly names organisms- make
  sense of s
• Prevents misnomers (mistakes) such as starfish
  jellyfish that aren't really fish
• Latin (sometimes Greek) used for all names
  because the language does not change

Seahorse??
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Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists

• 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first
  taxonomist
• Aristotle divided organisms into plants animals
• He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea,
  or air dwellers

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Carolus Linnaeus

• 18th century taxonomist
• Called the Father of Taxonomy
• Developed the modern naming system still used
  today

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binomial nomenclature

• Two-word name (Genus species
• Genus - consists of group of closely related
  species
• species describes a characteristic of an
  organism
• Capitalize first name only

Turdus migratorius
American Robin
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• Homo erectus
• one who walks erect
• Homo sapiens
• Sapiens wise
• Wise one

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Rules for Naming Organisms

• The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature
  contains the rules for naming organisms
• International Naming Congresses (International
  Zoological Congress) approves all names
• This prevents duplicated names

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Classification Groups

• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which
  related organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy (order) of groups (taxa)
  from broadest to most specific
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  species

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• King
• Phillip
• Came
• Over
• For
• Grape
• Soda!

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Terms for 6 kingdoms

• Unicellular one cell
• Multicellular many cells
• Autotrophic makes its own food (ex. plants)
• Heterotrophic cant make their own food (ex.
  animals)
• Prokaryote no nucleus ( bacteria)
• Eukaryote has a nucleus (ex. us)

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The 6 Kingdoms
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Plant
Kingdom
autotrophic
multicellular
Cant move from place to place
Have a nucleus
Fun Fact One bushel of corn will sweeten more
than 400 cans of pop.
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Plant Kingdom

• Absorb sunlight to make glucose Photosynthesis
• Cell walls made of cellulose

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dependent on
Animal
organisms
eats other animals
other
moving
eats plants
have a nucleus
Fun Fact There are only three animals with blue
tongues the black bear, the Chow Chow dog and
the blue-tongued lizard.
Kingdom
many celled
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Animalia

• Multicellular
• heterotrophs consume food
• Feed on plants or animals
• Move
• Eukaryotic
• No cell walls

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Fungi

• Multicellular, except yeast
• Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside
  their body then absorb it)
• Cell walls made of chitin

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Fungi Kingdom
cant make their own food
have a nucleus
some move
one many celled
Fun Fact Giant puffballs range from golf ball
size to as large as a watermelon!
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yeast
Giant puff ball
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Protists
have a nucleus
some make food
some move
some dont make food
one many celled
Fun Fact Most protoctists can be see only with a
microscope while a few species like the giant sea
kelp can be 30 ft long!
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Protist

• Most are unicellular
• Some are multicellular
• Some are autotrophic, while others are
  heterotrophic

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Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases,
are present in almost all habitats on earth.
Live in the intestines of animals
Many bacteria are important environmentally and
commercially.
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Eubacteria
Fun Fact Causes average of 61 deaths per year.
some makes food
some dont
no nucleus
one celled
some move
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• Archaebacteria In 1983, scientists took samples
  from a spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot
  gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form
  the Earths interior. To their surprise they
  discovered unicellular (one cell) organisms in
  the samples. These organisms are today classified
  in the kingdom, Archaebacteria.

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Archaeabacteria in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent
Environments use chemosynthesis to obtain
energy.
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• Finding Archaeabacteria The hot springs of
  Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the
  first places Archaea were discovered.
• The coloring comes from the massive amount of
  archaebacteria (which are chemo-synthesizers)

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• Archaebacteria are found in harsh environments
  such as boiling water, with no oxygen, highly
  acidic, or very salty environments.
• Obtain energy through chemosynthesis

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Archeobacteria
some dont make food
unicellular
no nucleus prokaryote
some move
some make food
Fun Fact Considered ancient life forms that
evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green
algae!
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Taxons

• Most genera (genus) contain a number of similar
  species, with the exception of Homo that only
  contains modern humans
• Classification is based on evolutionary
  relationships (phylogeny)

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Basis for Modern Taxonomy

• Homologous structures (same structure, different
  function)
• Similar embryo development
• Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of
  Proteins

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Homologous Structures show Similarities in
mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
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Cladogram

• Diagram showing how organisms are related based
  on shared, derived characteristics such as
  feathers, hair, or scales

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Primate Cladogram
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Dichotomous Key

• Used to identify organisms
• Characteristics given in pairs
• Read both characteristics and either go to
  another set of characteristics OR identify the
  organism

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Example of Dichotomous Key

• 1a Tentacles present Go to 2
• 1b Tentacles absent Go to 6
• 2a Eight Tentacles Octopus
• 2b More than 8 tentacles 3
• 3a Tentacles hang down go to 4
• 3b Tentacles uprightSea Anemone
• 4a Balloon-shaped bodyJellyfish
• 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

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Dichotomous Key